This updated edition is a timely and authoritative guide on the major issues, challenges, methods, and approaches of global public health.

Table of Contents

• Editorial Board
• Guide to Using the Encyclopedia
• Subject Classification
• Preface to Second Edition
• Foreword
• Volume 1
• A
• Acute Care Hospitals
• Adenoviruses
• Adolescents
• Agenda Setting in Public Health Policy
• Aging: Nutrition and the Older Adults
• Aging, Physical Activity, and Health
• Agricultural Health and Safety
• Alcohol Consumption: An Overview of International Trends
• Alcohol Consumption: The Social and Economic Impacts
• Alcohol Industry
• Alcohol, Integrated Control of
• Alcohol: Treatment
• Alma-Ata and Primary Health Care: An Evolving Story
• Anemia
• Anthropological Perspectives in Bioethics
• Anthropological Perspectives on the Health Transition
• Antibiotic Development and Resistance
• Antimicrobial Resistance in a One Health and One World Perspective – Mechanisms and Solutions
• Arboviruses
• Arms Control Measures
• Arsenic
• Asbestos
• Asthma
• Autoimmune Diseases
• B
• Bacterial Infections: Overview
• Bacteriology, Historical
• Bioaerosols
• Biodiversity, Health Implications of
• Biostatistics
• Bladder Cancer
• Blindness
• Blood Transfusion Services
• Botulism
• Brain Tumors
• Breast Cancer
• Brucellosis
• Burden of Disease and Injury Caused by Alcohol
• Burns and Scalds
• C
• Cadmium
• Canada, Health System of
• Cancer and Senescence
• Cancer Economics
• Cancer Epidemiology
• Cancer: Global Burden, Trends, and Projections
• Cancer Mortality
• Cancer Prevention
• Cancer Screening: Theory and Applications
• Cancer Survival
• Carcinogens, Environmental
• Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
• Centers for Disease Control
• Cerebrovascular Disease
• Child Abuse/Treatment
• Child Labor
• Child Obesity and Health
• Child Rights
• Child Soldiers
• Child Witness to Violence
• Childhood Infectious Diseases: Overview
• Children and Adolescents, Measuring the Quality of Life of
• Children, Media and Health
• Volume 2
• C
• Cholera and Other Vibrioses
• Cholesterol and Lipids
• Chronic Disease Modeling
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
• Circulatory Diseases and Aging
• Classic Concepts of Disease
• Classification of Mental Disorders: Principles and Concepts
• Clinical Epidemiology
• Clinical Trials
• Codes of Ethics in Public Health
• Colorectal Cancer
• Community Health Insurance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
• Community Health Workers
• Community-Based Nutrition Programmes
• Comparative Health Systems
• Comparative Risk Assessment
• Competition in Health Care
• Compression of Morbidity
• Consumerism: Overview
• Contaminants Associated with Drinking Water
• Coronary Heart Disease
• Corruption and the Consequences for Public Health
• Cost-Influenced Treatment Decisions and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
• Cultural Competence in Public Health
• Cultural Contexts of Reproductive Health
• Cultural Epidemiology
• Cultural Factors Influencing Therapeutic Practice
• Cultural Issues and Linguistic Complications in Health Communication
• Cystic Fibrosis
• D
• Decision Analytic Modeling
• Demand for Health Care
• Demography, Epidemiology, and Public Health
• Demography of Aging
• Dengue
• Dental Epidemiology
• Determinants of National Health Expenditure
• Diabetes Mellitus, Epidemiology
• Diabetes Mellitus Prevention
• Diabetes Mellitus Treatment
• Diet and Cancer
• Diet and Heart Disease
• Diphtheria
• Disability and Rehabilitation
• Disasters and Emergency Planning
• Disease Classification
• Disease Prevention: An Overview
• Drinking Water and Sanitation
• Drowning
• Drugs, Illicit – Primary Prevention Strategies
• Dynamics of the Health-Care Labor Markets
• E
• East Asia and Pacific States, Health Systems of
• Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
• Economic Models of Hospital Behavior
• Ectoparasites
• Educational Attainment and Health: Survival
• Effective Alcohol Policy
• Elder Abuse
• Emergence of Novel Human Infections: New Insights and New Challenges
• Emergency Medical Technicians
• Endocrine Diseases: Overview
• Energy Use, Health Implications of
• Enteroviruses
• Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology
• Environmental Health: Overview
• Environmental Justice and Health
• Environmental Protection Laws
• Epidemic Investigation
• Epidemiology, Historical
• Epidemiology of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
• Epidemiology of Vitamin C
• Equity in Health Financing
• Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Issues
• Escherichia coli
• Esophageal Cancer
• Essential Drugs Policy
• Volume 3
• E
• Ethics and Health Promotion
• Ethics of Immunization
• Ethics of Infectious Disease Control
• Ethics of Organ Transplants
• Ethics of Public Health Research: Moral Obligations to Communities
• Ethics of Screening
• Ethnic Conflict and Public Health
• Euthanasia and Public Health
• Evidence-Informed Public Health Policy
• Exercise Therapy for Heart Failure Patients in Canada
• Extreme Weather Events and Human Health
• F
• Facility-Based Treatment of Severe Malnutrition
• Falls
• Family Planning/Contraception
• Famine
• Fatty Acids
• Female Reproductive Physiology/Function
• Fetal Growth Restriction: Causes and Outcomes
• Food Fortification
• Food Safety
• Foodborne Diseases
• Forced Migration and Health
• Foundations in Public Health Ethics
• Foundations in Public Health Law
• Functions and Deficiencies of B-Vitamins (and Their Prevention)
• Future Organization of Cancer Care
• G
• Gastric Cancer
• Gastrointestinal Disorders: Overview
• Gender Aspects of Sexual and Reproductive Health
• Gender in Health and Illness
• Genetic Epidemiology
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Public Health
• Global Burden of Disease
• Global Health Law: International Law and Public Health Policy
• Global Issues: Urban Health in Developing Countries
• Global Tobacco Industry
• Global Trends in Cardiovascular Disease
• Governance Issues in Health Financing
• Gynecological Morbidity
• H
• Happiness, Health and Altruism
• Hazardous Wastes
• Head Trauma
• Health and Disease, Concepts of
• Health and Human Rights: Overview
• Health Behavior and Risk Factors
• Health Care of Indigenous Peoples/Nations
• Health Inequalities
• Health Information on the Internet
• Health Insurance Plans and Programs: An Overview
• Health Literacy
• Health Policy: Overview
• Health Promotion
• Health Surveys
• Health Systems of Australia and New Zealand
• Health Systems of Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean
• Health Systems: United States, Health System of the
• Health Technology Assessment: Ethical, Legal and Social Issues
• Health-Care Delivery Systems
• Health-Related Stigma
• Hearing Disorders
• Heart Failure
• Helicobacter pylori
• Helminthic Diseases: Dracunculiasis
• Helminthic Diseases: Echinococcosis
• Helminthic Diseases: Filariasis
• Helminthic Diseases: Foodborne Trematode Infections
• Helminthic Diseases: Intestinal Nematode Infections
• Helminthic Diseases: Onchocerciasis and Loiasis
• Helminthic Diseases: Schistosomiasis
• Helminthic Diseases: Taeniasis and Cysticercosis due to Taenia solium
• Helminthic Diseases: Trichinellosis and Other Helminthic Tissue Helminthic Infections
• Hepatitis, Viral
• Herpesviruses
• Volume 4
• H
• Historical and Sociocultural Context of Psychoactive Substance Use
• History of Malaria and Its Control
• History of Public Health during Colonialism
• History of Public Health in the Ancient World
• HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis
• HIV/AIDS of the Central Nervous System
• HIV Prevention and Treatment in Children and Adolescents
• HIV Safety Guidelines
• Home Care
• Hospice and Palliative Care
• Human Exposure Science
• Human Health Risk Assessment
• Human Resources for Oral Health and Dentistry
• Humanitarian Response to Complex Emergencies and Natural Disasters
• Huntington's Disease
• Hypertension
• I
• Illicit Drugs: Patterns of Use, Dependence, and Contribution to Disease Burden in Developed Countries
• Illicit Drug Trends Globally
• Illicit Psychoactive Substance Use and Harm Prevention
• Immunization
• Indoor Air Pollution: Developing Countries
• Infant Malnutrition: Breastfeeding
• Infant Mortality
• Infectious Disease Surveillance
• Infertility, An Overview
• Influenza
• Influenza, Historical
• Injury Epidemiology
• Innovative Financing for Health Promotion: A Global Review and Thailand Case Study
• Integrative, Traditional and Complementary Medicine
• Interest Groups and Civil Society in Public Health Policy
• International Classification Systems for Health
• International Dietary Guidelines
• International Perspectives on Resource Allocation
• Intestinal Infections: Overview
• Iodine Deficiency and Its Prevention
• Iron Deficiency and Its Prevention
• J
• Japan, Health System of
• K
• Kidney Diseases
• L
• Land Use/Land Change and Health
• Late Life Cognitive Disorders
• Latin American Social Medicine
• Lead Hazards and Poisoning
• Legal Issues in Public Health
• Leprosy
• Leprosy, Historical
• Leukemia
• Life Expectancy Measurements
• Literacy and Public Health
• Liver Cancer
• Long Term Care for Aging Populations
• Long Term Care in Health Services
• Longevity of Specific Populations
• Long-Term Care Organization and Financing
• Lung Cancer
• Lung Diseases, Occupational
• Lupus Erythematosus: Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Manifestations
• Lyme Disease
• Lymphomas
• M
• Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, Health Systems of
• Male Reproductive Function
• Managed Care
• Maternal Health Services
• Maternal Mortality and Morbidity
• Measles
• Measurement and Modeling of Health-Related Quality of Life
• Measurement and Modeling: Infectious Disease Modeling
• Measurement and Valuation of Health for Economic Evaluation
• Measurement of Psychiatric and Psychological Disorders and Outcomes in Populations
• Meat Consumption and Cancer
• Meat Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease
• Volume 5
• M
• Media and Health
• Medical Pluralism
• Medical Sciences and Technology in Socio-Cultural Context
• Meningitis, Bacterial
• Menopause
• Mental Health and Physical Health (Including HIV/AIDS)
• Mental Health and Substance Abuse
• Mental Health Epidemiology (Psychiatric Epidemiology)
• Mental Health Etiology: Biological and Genetic Determinants
• Mental Health Etiology: Social Determinants
• Mental Health, Morbidity and Impact
• Mental Health Policy
• Mental Health Promotion
• Mental Illness, Historical Views of
• Mercury
• Meta-analysis
• Metabolic Myopathies
• Migraine Update
• Military Health Issues
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Mumps
• Muscular Dystrophies
• Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease: Buruli Ulcer
• N
• National Health Systems: A Historical Overview
• Natural Disasters
• Neurodevelopmental Disorders
• New Public Health
• New Technologies: Ethics of Genomics
• New Technologies: Ethics of Stem Cell Research
• Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
• Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
• Nurses
• Nutrition and HIV
• O
• Obesity/Overweight: Health Consequences
• Observational Epidemiology
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Occupational Death/Injury Rates
• Occupational Health: Overview
• Occupational Injuries and Work Place Violence
• One Health Central and Eastern Africa: Historical and Future Perspectives
• Oral Cancer
• Organohalogen Pollutants and Human Health
• Outdoor Air Pollution: Sources, Atmospheric Transport, and Human Health Effects
• Ovarian Cancer
• Overweight and Obesity: Prevention and Weight Management
• P
• Pancreatic Cancer
• Parasitic Diseases, an Overview
• Parkinson's Disease
• Patient Empowerment in Health Care
• Pediatric Cancers
• Peoples Health Movement
• Perinatal Epidemiology
• Peripheral Arterial Disease
• Pesticides
• Physical Activity and Health
• Plague, Historical
• Planning, for Public Health Policy
• Pneumonia
• Poliomyelitis
• Poliomyelitis, Historical
• Politics, and Public Health Policy Reform
• Population Growth
• Populations at Special Health Risk: Children: Children's Mental Health Services
• Populations at Special Health Risk: Displaced Populations
• Populations at Special Health Risk: Homeless
• Populations at Special Health Risk: Incarcerated
• Populations at Special Health Risk: Indigenous Populations
• Populations at Special Health Risk: Men
• Populations at Special Health Risk: Migrants
• Populations at Special Health Risk: Rural Populations
• Populations at Special Health Risk: Women
• Populations at Special Health Risk: Workers
• Volume 6
• P
• Preventing Uptake of Smoking
• Primary Health Care
• Principles: Mental Health Resources and Services
• Principles of Infectious Diseases: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control
• Principles: Stigma
• Prostate Cancer
• Protozoan Diseases: African Trypanosomiasis
• Protozoan Diseases: Amebiasis
• Protozoan Diseases: Chagas Disease
• Protozoan Diseases: Cryptosporidiosis, Giardiasis, and Other Intestinal Protozoan Diseases
• Protozoan Diseases: Leishmaniasis
• Protozoan Diseases: Malaria Clinical Features, Management, and Prevention
• Protozoan Diseases: Toxoplasmosis
• Provider Payment Methods and Incentives
• Puberty
• Public and Consumer Participation in Policy and Research
• Public Health and Epidemiology: Prevention and Surveillance of Health Risks
• Public Health and Law Enforcement Regulation of Drugs and Drug Use
• Public Health and the Harm Reduction Approach to Illegal Psychoactive Substances
• Public Health Approaches to Dying, Death, and Loss
• Public Health Dimensions of Disability
• Public Health Law and Public Health Policy
• Public Health Professionals
• Public/Private Mix in Health Systems
• Q
• Quality Adjusted Life Years
• Quarantine through History
• R
• Rabies
• Race, Human Variation, and Health, the Interaction of
• Racism and Health
• Radiation Therapy
• Re-emerging Diseases: Overview
• Relief Operations
• Religion and Healing
• Reproductive Ethics: Ethical Issues and the Menopause
• Reproductive Ethics: New Reproductive Technologies
• Reproductive Ethics: Perspectives on Contraception and Abortion
• Reproductive Health: Sexually Transmitted Infections – Overview
• Reproductive Rights
• Resource Allocation: Justice and Resource Allocation in Public Health
• Respiratory Diseases: Overview
• Respiratory Infections, Acute
• Respiratory Syncytial Virus
• Review of Health Systems of the Middle East and North Africa Region
• Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
• Rhinoviruses
• Rickettsia
• Risk Communication
• Risk Factors
• Road Traffic Injuries
• Role of the State in Public Health Policy
• Rubella
• Russia and Former USSR, Health Systems of
• S
• Salmonella
• Scandinavia, Health Systems of
• School Health Promotion
• Schools of Public Health
• Secondhand Smoke
• Seizure Disorders
• Serial and Mass Murderers
• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
• Sexual and Reproductive Health: Overview
• Sexual Violence
• Shigellosis
• Sick Building Syndrome
• Sickle-Cell Disease
• Skin Diseases (Noncancerous)
• Sleep Disorders
• Smallpox
• Smoking Cessation
• Smoking, The Burden of Mortality of
• Social and Cultural Perspectives on Ecology and Health
• Social Determinants of Health, the United Nations Commission of
• Social Dimensions of Epidemics
• Social Dimensions of Infectious Diseases
• Social Epidemiology
• Social Gradients and Child Health
• Social Science Contributions to Public Health: Overview
• Sociocultural Construction of Medical Knowledge
• Volume 7
• S
• South Asia, Health Systems of
• Southeastern Europe, Health Systems of
• Specific Mental Health Disorders: Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders
• Specific Mental Health Disorders: Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
• Specific Mental Health Disorders: Eating Disorders
• Specific Mental Health Disorders: Mental Disorders Associated with Aging
• Specific Mental Health Disorders: Personality Disorders
• Specific Mental Health Disorders: Psychotic Disorders
• Specific Mental Health Disorders: Trauma and Mental Disorders
• Spinal Injury
• Sports Injuries
• Streptococcal Diseases
• Stress and (Public) Health
• Sudden Cardiac Arrest
• Suicide and Self-directed Violence
• Surveillance of Disease: Overview
• Syphilis
• Systematic Reviews in Public Health
• T
• Terrorism
• Tetanus
• Tobacco Control: An Integrated Approach
• Tobacco Harm Minimization
• Torture and Public Health
• Traditional Asian Medical Systems
• Transition to Universal Coverage in Developing Countries
• Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
• Trends in Human Fertility
• Tuberculosis Diagnosis
• Tuberculosis Epidemiology
• Tuberculosis: Overview
• Tuberculosis Prevention
• Tuberculosis, Public Health Aspects
• Tuberculosis Treatment
• Typhoid Fever
• U
• Undernutrition and Its Social Determinants
• United Kingdom, Health System of
• Unsafe Abortion
• Urban Health Systems: Overview
• V
• Vaccines, Historical
• Venous Thromboembolism
• Violence against Women
• Violence/Intentional Injuries – Epidemiology and Overview
• Violence/Intentional Injuries – Prevention and Control
• Viral Diarrhea
• Viral Infections, an Overview with a Focus on Prevention of Transmission
• Vitamin A Deficiency and Its Prevention
• Vitamin D
• W
• Waterborne Diseases
• Weapons of Mass Destruction
• Western Europe, Health Systems of
• WHO Definition of Health, Rethinking the
• Wilson's Disease
• Women's Mental Health
• Worker Health and Safety: International Issues
• World Bank
• World Health Organization
• World's Medical Schools: Past, Present and Future
• Y
• Yaws, Bejel, and Pinta
• Yellow Fever
• Yellow Fever, Historical
• Young People and Violence
• Author Index