The third edition of this major reference work focuses on the fundamental principles, techniques, and applications of spectroscopy and spectrometry.

Table of Contents

• Editor Biographies
• Preface to the Third Edition
• Permission Acknowledgments
• Volume 1
• A
• Absolute Stereochemistry by NMR Spectroscopy
• Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)
• AFM and Raman Spectroscopy, Applications in Cellular Imaging and Assays
• Analytical Methodology Standards for Metabolomics
• Atmospheric Pressure Ionization in Mass Spectrometry
• Atomic Absorption, Methods and Instrumentation
• Atomic Absorption, Theory
• Atomic Emission and Fluorescence Theory
• Atomic Emission, Methods and Instrumentation
• Atomic Fluorescence, Methods and Instrumentation
• Atomic Force Microscopy: Methods and Applications
• Atomic Spectroscopy, Biomedical Applications
• Atomic Spectroscopy, Electronic Components Applications
• Atomic Spectroscopy, Food and Dairy Products Applications of
• Atomic Spectroscopy, Forensic Science Applications
• Atomic Spectroscopy, Forestry and Wood Products Applications
• Atomic Spectroscopy, Historical Perspective
• Atomic Spectroscopy, Pharmaceutical Applications
• ATR and Reflectance IR Spectroscopy, Applications
• B
• Biofluids Studied by NMR Spectroscopy
• Biological Applications of Hyperpolarized 13C NMR
• Biometallics/Metallomics Techniques and Applications
• C
• Calibration and Reference Systems (Regulatory Authorities)
• Carbohydrates Studied by NMR
• Cells Studied by NMR
• Chemical Applications of EPR
• Chemical Exchange Effects in NMR
• Chemical Ionization in Mass Spectrometry
• Chemical Shift and Relaxation Reagents in NMR
• Chiroptical Sensors
• Chiroptical Spectroscopy, Emission Theory
• Chiroptical Spectroscopy, General Theory
• Chiroptical Spectroscopy, Oriented Molecules and Anisotropic Systems
• Chromatography-IR, Applications
• Chromatography-IR, Methods and Instrumentation
• CIDNP Applications
• Circular Dichroism and ORD, Biomacromolecular Applications
• Circular Dichroism Spectrometers
• Circular Dichroism, Applications
• Circular Dichroism, Induced
• Circularly Polarized Luminescence and Fluorescence Detected Circular Dichroism
• Cluster Ions Measured Using Mass Spectrometry
• Colorimetry, Methods
• Colorimetry, Theory
• Combined Positron Emission Tomography–Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Computational Design of NMR Pulse Sequences
• Computational Methods and Chemometrics in Near Infrared Spectroscopy
• Computer Methods in Mass Spectrometry for Chemical Structure Assignment
• Contrast Mechanisms in MRI
• Conventional and Advanced Separations in Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics: Methodologies and Applications
• Cosmochemical Applications Using Mass Spectrometry
• Counterfeit Drugs Studied by NMR
• Covariance NMR
• D
• Desorption Electrospray Ionization: Methodology and Applications
• Diffusion Studied Using NMR Spectroscopy
• Drug Metabolism Studied Using NMR Spectroscopy
• E
• Electromagnetic Radiation
• Electron Diffraction Applications
• Electron Diffraction Theory and Methods
• Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Membrane Proteins
• Electronic Spectroscopy, Calculation
• Electronic Spectroscopy, Environmental Applications
• Electronic Spectroscopy, Laser Applications
• Electronic Spectroscopy, Study of Chemical Reactions
• Electrospray Ionization in Mass Spectrometry
• Ellipsometry
• Enantiomeric Purity Studied Using NMR
• Environmental and Agricultural, Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy
• EPR Imaging
• EPR Spectroscopy, Theory
• EPR, Methods
• Exciton Coupling
• F
• Far Infrared Spectroscopy Applications
• Far-Field Photostable Optical Nanoscopy (PHOTON)
• Far-UV Spectroscopy: Methods and Applications
• Fast Atom Bombardment Ionization in Mass Spectrometry
• Fast n-Dimensional Data Acquisition Methods
• Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy
• Fibre Optic Probes in Optical Spectroscopy, Clinical Applications
• Field Ionization Kinetics in Mass Spectrometry
• Fluorescence Microscopy, Applications
• Fluorescence Polarization and Anisotropy
• Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Biochemical Applications
• Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Organic Chemistry Applications
• Fluorescence Theory
• Fluorescence up-conversion Methods and Applications
• Fluorescent Molecular Probes
• fMRI Methods
• Food and Nutritional Science, Applications of Magnetic Resonance
• Food Properties, Applications of NMR
• Food Science, Applications of Mass Spectrometry
• Forensic Science, Applications of IR Spectroscopy
• Forensic Science, Applications of Mass Spectrometry
• Forensic Science, Applications of Raman Spectroscopy to Fiber Analysis
• Fourier Transformation and Sampling Theory
• Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry
• Fragment-Based Drug Design by NMR
• Fragmentation in Mass Spectrometry
• FT-IR and Raman Spectroscopies, Polymorphism Applications
• FT-Raman Spectroscopy, Applications
• FTIR Spectroscopy of Aqueous Solutions
• Functional MRI (fMRI)
• Volume 2
• G
• Gas Phase Applications of NMR Spectroscopy
• Gas Phase Raman Scattering: Methods and Applications in the Energy Industry
• Gemstone Analysis by Spectroscopy
• Geology and Mineralogy Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy
• Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry
• H
• High Pressure Studies Using NMR Spectroscopy
• High Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy, Applications
• High Resolution Gas Phase IR Spectroscopy Applications
• High Resolution Gas Phase IR Spectroscopy Instrumentation
• High Resolution Solid State NMR, 13C
• High Resolution Solid State NMR, 1H, 19F
• High Temperature Chemistry Applications of Mass Spectrometry
• High-Energy Ion Beam Analysis
• High-Pressure IR
• Hole-Burning Spectroscopy Methods
• Hole-Burning Spectroscopy
• HPLC–NMR, Pharmaceutical Applications
• Hyperpolarization Applications in NMR
• Hyperpolarization Methods in NMR
• Hyperpolarized Gases in NMR, Methods and Applications
• Hyphenated NMR, Methods and Applications
• Hyphenated Techniques, Applications of in Mass Spectrometry
• I
• In Situ Solid-State NMR Applied to Batteries and Supercapacitors
• In Vivo 1H MRS Applications
• In Vivo 1H MRS Methods
• In Vivo NMR Methods, Overview of Techniques
• In Vivo NMR, Applications, Other Nuclei
• In Vivo NMR, Applications, 31P
• Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Applications
• Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Methods
• Inelastic Neutron Scattering Instrumentation
• Inelastic Neutron Scattering, Applications
• Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Minerals and Inorganic Materials
• Interstellar Molecules, Spectroscopy of
• Ion Collision, Theory
• Ion Dissociation Kinetics in Mass Spectrometry
• Ion Energetics in Mass Spectrometry
• Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) and Mass Spectrometry (MS)
• Ion Structures in Mass Spectrometry
• Ion Trap Mass Spectrometers
• Ion–Molecule Reactions in Mass Spectrometry
• IR and Raman Spectroscopies of Inorganic, Coordination and Organometallic Compounds
• IR and Raman Spectroscopies, Matrix Isolation Studies
• IR and Raman Spectroscopies, Polymer Applications
• IR and Raman Spectroscopies, Studies of Hydrogen Bonding and Other Physicochemical Interactions
• IR and Raman Spectroscopies, The Study of Art Works
• IR and Raman Spectroscopy, Industrial Applications
• IR Spectral Group Frequencies of Organic Compounds
• IR Spectrometers
• IR Spectroscopic Data Processing
• IR Spectroscopy Sample Preparation Methods
• IR Spectroscopy, Soil Analysis Applications
• IR Spectroscopy, Surface Studies
• IR Spectroscopy, Theory
• IR, Biological Applications
• IR, Medical Science Applications
• Isotope Ratio Studies Using Mass Spectrometry
• Isotopic Labelling in Mass Spectrometry
• L
• Labelling Studies in Biochemistry Using NMR
• Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS)
• Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
• Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
• Laser Induced Optoacoustic Spectroscopy
• Laser Magnetic Resonance
• Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometers
• Laser Spectroscopy Theory
• Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Applications of
• Ligand–Protein Binding and Screening Using NMR Spectroscopy
• Light Sources and Optics
• Linear Dichroism, Applications
• Linear Dichroism, Instrumentation
• Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystal Solutions Studied by NMR
• Low Field NMR Methods and Applications
• Luminescence Spectroscopy, Inorganic Condensed Matter Applications
• Luminescence, Theory
• M
• Macromolecule–Ligand Interactions Studied by NMR
• Magnetic Circular Dichroism, Theory
• Magnetic Field Gradients in High Resolution NMR
• Magnetic Force Microscopy
• Magnetic Particle Imaging
• Magnetic Resonance, Historical Perspective
• Magnetic Resonance: NQR Technique and Instruments
• MALDI Techniques in Mass Spectrometry Imaging
• Mass Spectrometry Imaging: Methodology and Applications
• Mass Spectrometry in Drug Metabolism: Principles and Common Practice
• Mass Spectrometry of Aerosols: Methodology and Applications
• Mass Spectrometry, Historical Perspective
• Mass Spectrometry, Ionization Theory
• Mass Spectrometry: Chromatography–MS, Methods
• Mass Spectrometry: Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides Studied Using MS
• Medical Applications of Mass Spectrometry
• Membranes Studied by NMR Spectroscopy
• Metabonomics in Food Science
• Metastable Ions
• Microwave and Radiowave Spectroscopy, Applications
• Microwave Spectrometers
• Modern Atmospheric Pressure Surface Sampling/Ionization Techniques in Mass Spectrometry
• Molecular Reaction Dynamics Using Ion Imaging and Mass Spectrometry
• MRI Applications, Biological
• MRI Applications, Clinical Flow Studies
• MRI Applications, Clinical
• MRI Instrumentation
• MRI of Oil/Water in Rocks
• MRI Theory
• MRI using 23Na
• MRI Using Stray Fields
• MS Based Metabonomics
• MS–MS and MSn
• Multiphoton Excitation in Mass Spectrometry
• Multiphoton Spectroscopy, Applications
• Multivariate Statistical Methods
• Muon Spin Resonance Spectroscopy, Applications
• Mössbauer Spectrometers
• Mössbauer Spectroscopy, Applications
• Mössbauer Spectroscopy, Theory
• Volume 3
• N
• n-Dimensional NMR Methods
• Natural Abundance Deuterium NMR Spectroscopy
• Near-Infrared Spectra, Interpretation
• Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
• Near-IR Spectrometers
• Negative Ion Mass Spectrometry, Methods
• Neutralization–Reionization in Mass Spectrometry
• Neutron Diffraction, Instrumentation
• Neutron Diffraction, Theory
• NIR FT-Raman
• NMR Applications, 15N
• NMR Applications, Solution state 19F
• NMR Data Processing
• NMR in Anisotropic Systems, Theory
• NMR Metabolic Phenotyping in Clinical Studies
• NMR Methods, 13C
• NMR Microscopy
• NMR of Paramagnetic Species
• NMR of Soil Organic Matter
• NMR of Solids, Theory
• NMR Parameter Survey, 13C
• NMR Principles
• NMR Pulse Sequences
• NMR Relaxation Rates
• NMR Relaxometers
• NMR Spectrometers
• NMR Spectroscopy in the Evaluation of Drug Safety
• NMR Spectroscopy of Alkali Metal Nuclei in Solution
• NMR Spectroscopy of Nanoparticles
• NMR Spectroscopy of Nucleic Acids, Historical Overview
• NMR Spectroscopy of Tissues, 1H MAS
• NMR Spectroscopy, Applications of 3H
• NMR Spectroscopy, Halogens (excluding 19F)
• NMR Spectroscopy, Heteronuclei, As, Sb, Bi
• NMR Spectroscopy, Heteronuclei, B, Al, Ga, In, Tl
• NMR Spectroscopy, Heteronuclei, Ge, Sn, Pb
• NMR Spectroscopy, Heteronuclei, La-Hg
• NMR Spectroscopy, Heteronuclei, O, S, Se, Te
• NMR Spectroscopy, Heteronuclei, Sc-Zn
• NMR Spectroscopy, Heteronuclei, Y-Cd
• NMR Spectroscopy, 14N and 15N
• NMR Spectroscopy, 31P
• NMR Spectroscopy, 29Si
• NMR Spectroscopy, 129Xe, 131Xe
• Nonlinear Optical Properties
• Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy, Applications
• Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy, Instruments
• Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy, Theory
• Nonuniform Sampling Methods in NMR Data Acquisition
• Nuclear Overhauser Effect
• Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance, Applications
• Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance, Theory
• Nuclear Singlet Spin States
• Nucleic Acids Studied by NMR Spectroscopy
• O
• Optical Frequency Conversion
• Optical Spectroscopy of Rare-Earth Ions in the Solid State
• Optical Spectroscopy, Linear Polarization Theory
• ORD and Polarimetry Instruments
• Organometallics Studied Using Mass Spectrometry
• Overview of Biochemical Applications of Mass Spectrometry
• Overview of NMR-Based Metabonomics
• P
• Para-Hydrogen-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance
• Parameters in NMR Spectroscopy, Theory of
• Particle Light Scattering Methods and Applications
• Peptides and Proteins Studied Using Mass Spectrometry
• Perfused Organs Studied Using NMR Spectroscopy
• PET, Methods and Instrumentation
• PET, Theory
• Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, Applications
• Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, Methods and Instrumentation
• Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, Theory
• Photoelectron Spectrometers
• Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Zero Kinetic Energy, Applications
• Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Zero Kinetic Energy, Theory
• Photoelectron Spectroscopy
• Photoelectron–Photoion Coincidence Methods in Mass Spectrometry, (PEPICO)
• Photoionization and Photodissociation Methods in Mass Spectrometry
• Plant Science Applications of NMR
• Plasma Desorption Ionization Using 252Cf in Mass Spectrometry
• Plasmon-Controlled Fluorescence Methods and Applications
• Polymer Applications of NMR
• Polymorphism Studied by Solid-State NMR
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Applications
• Powder X-Ray Diffraction, Applications
• Product Operator Formalism in NMR
• Protein Structure Analysis by CD, FTIR, and Raman Spectroscopies
• Proteins Studied by NMR
• Proteomics, Top-Down
• Proteomics
• Proton Affinities Determined Using Mass Spectrometry
• Proton Microprobe (Method and Background)
• Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry, Methods
• Q
• Quadrupoles, Use of in Mass Spectrometry
• Quantitative Analysis
• Quantitative NMR, Methods and Applications
• Quantum Computing with Non-classical Light: A Coherent Ising Machine for Maximum-Cut Problems
• R
• Radiation Damping in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
• Radiofrequency Field Gradients in NMR, Theory
• Raman and Infrared Microspectroscopy
• Raman Optical Activity, Applications
• Raman Optical Activity, Macromolecule and Biological Molecule Applications
• Raman Optical Activity, Small Molecule Applications
• Raman Optical Activity, Spectrometers
• Raman Optical Activity, Theory
• Raman Spectrometers
• Raman Spectroscopy, Biochemical Applications
• Raman Spectroscopy, Medical Applications: A New Look Inside Human Body With Raman Imaging
• Raman Spectroscopy, Soil Analysis Applications
• Rayleigh Scattering and Raman Effect, Theory
• Reflectance Methods and Applications
• Refractive Index Measurements
• Residual Dipolar Couplings in Small-Molecule NMR
• Resonance Raman Applications
• Rigid Solids Studied Using MRI
• RoHS and Spectroscopy
• Rotational Spectroscopy, Theory
• Volume 4
• S
• Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy and Related Techniques
• Scanning Probe Microscopes
• Scanning Probe Microscopy, Applications
• Scanning Probe Microscopy, Theory
• Scattering and Particle Sizing Applications
• Scattering Theory
• Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
• Sector Mass Spectrometers
• Selected Ion Flow Tube (SIFT) Applications in Mass Spectrometry
• Single Photon Imaging and Instrumentation
• Single Photon Imaging, Applications
• Single-Molecule Spectroscopy
• Solid State NMR Using Quadrupolar Nuclei
• Solid State NMR, Methods
• Solid State NMR, Rotational Resonance
• Solid-State NMR of Membrane Proteins in Phospholipid Bilayers
• Solid-State NMR: Surface Chemistry Applications
• Solvent Suppression Methods in NMR Spectroscopy
• Sonically Induced NMR Methods
• Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy
• Spatially Resolved IR
• SPECT, Methods and Instrumentation
• Spectroelectrochemistry, Applications
• Spectroelectrochemistry, Methods and Instrumentation
• Spectroscopic Methods in Drug Quality Control and Development
• Spectroscopy for Process Analytical Technology (PAT)
• Spectroscopy in Biotechnology Research and Development
• Spectroscopy of Ions
• Spin Trapping and Spin Labelling Studied Using EPR Spectroscopy
• Standardized NMR Protocols for Metabonomics
• Standardized Protocols for MS-Based Metabolic Phenotyping
• Stars, Spectroscopy of
• Statistical Theory of Mass Spectra
• Statistical Tools for Molecular Covariance Spectroscopy
• Statistics for Spectroscopy
• Stereochemistry Studied Using Mass Spectrometry
• Structural Chemistry Using NMR Spectroscopy, Inorganic Molecules
• Structural Chemistry Using NMR Spectroscopy, Organic Molecules
• Structural Chemistry Using NMR Spectroscopy, Peptides
• Structural Chemistry Using NMR Spectroscopy, Pharmaceuticals
• Structure Determination of Large Macromolecular Complexes Using NMR
• Structure Refinement (Solid State Diffraction)
• Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy, Localization Microscopy
• Surface Induced Dissociation in Mass Spectrometry
• Surface Ionization and Soft Landing Techniques in Mass Spectrometry
• Surface Plasmon Resonance, Applications
• Surface Plasmon Resonance, Instrumentation
• Surface Plasmon Resonance, Theory
• Surface-Enhanced Raman Optical Activity (SEROA)
• Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Biochemical Applications
• Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), Applications
• Symmetry and Spectroscopy
• Symmetry in Crystallography
• Symmetry in Spectroscopy, Effects of
• T
• Tensor Representations
• Terahertz Imaging and Spectroscopy Methods and Instrumentation
• Terahertz Spectroscopy Applications
• Terahertz Spectroscopy Methods and Instrumentation
• Terahertz spectroscopy theory
• Thermoluminescence Theory and Analysis: Advances and Impact on Applications
• Thermospray Ionization in Mass Spectrometry
• Time of Flight Mass Spectrometers
• Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy
• Transmission Raman: Methods and Applications
• Two-Dimensional NMR
• U
• UV-Visible Absorption and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy, Inorganic Chemistry Applications
• UV-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy, Biomacromolecular Applications
• UV-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy, Dyes and Indicators Applications
• UV-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy, Organic Applications
• UV–Visible Absorption Spectrometers
• UV–Visible Fluorescence Spectrometers
• V
• Vibrational CD Spectrometers
• Vibrational CD, Applications
• Vibrational CD, Theory and Application to Determination of Absolute Configuration
• Vibrational CD, Theory
• Vibrational Spectroscopy Applications in Drugs Analysis
• Vibrational Spectroscopy in Food Processing
• Vibrational Spectroscopy, Flame and Temperature Measurement
• Vibrational, Rotational and Raman Spectroscopy, Historical Perspective
• X
• X-Ray Absorption Spectrometers
• X-Ray Crystallography of Macromolecules, Theory and Methods
• X-ray Crystallography of Small Molecules: Theory and Workflow
• X-Ray Crystallography, Biomolecular Structure Determination Methods
• X-Ray Diffraction, Materials Science Applications
• X-Ray Diffraction, Small Molecule Applications
• X-Ray Diffraction, Studies of Fibres and Films
• X-Ray Diffraction, Studies of Inorganic Compounds and Minerals
• X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy, Applications
• X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy, Methods
• X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometers
• X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Applications
• X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Applications
• X-Ray Spectroscopy, Theory
• X-Ray Tomography Methods and Applications
• Z
• Zeeman and Stark Methods in Spectroscopy, Applications
• Zeeman and Stark Methods in Spectroscopy, Instrumentation