As the largest integrated source of immunological knowledge currently available, Encyclopedia of Immunobiology is a go-to reference for students and professionals alike, providing relevant topics to those working on experimental and clinical immunology, microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, veterinary science, physiology, and hematology.

Table of Contents

• Editor in Chief
• Volume Editors
• Guide to Using the Encyclopedia
• Preface
• Permission Acknowledgments
• Volume 1 Development and Phylogeny of the Immune System
• Myeloid and B Cell Development
• Ontogeny of the Hematopoietic System
• Adult Hematopoiesis
• Myelopoiesis
• Molecular Mechanisms of Stable Lineage Identity in Early B-Lymphocyte Development
• Fetal B Cell Development
• B-1 B Cell Development
• Pre-BCR
• Regulation of Igh Recombination and Allelic Exclusion
• Regulation of IgL Chain Recombination
• Central B Cell Tolerance
• Mechanisms of Peripheral B Cell Tolerance
• BAFF and B Cell Development, Homeostasis, and Selection
• Marginal Zone B Cell Development
• Human B Cell Development and Tolerance
• Human B Cell Subsets
• B Cell Development in Birds
• B Cell Development in Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues
• Development of T Cells and Innate Lymphoid Cells
• Development of Natural Killer Cells and ILC1
• Development of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells
• Innate Lymphoid Cells Type 3
• Development of Thymic Epithelial Cells
• Notch Functions in T Cell Development
• Orchestration of T Cell Development by Common γ Chain Cytokines
• Transcriptional Regulation of T Cell Lineage Commitment
• Transcriptional and Microenvironmental Regulation of γδ T Cell Development
• Production of the Semi-Invariant TCR and PLZF Function in Innate Programming of iNKT Cells
• CD4/CD8 Lineage Commitment
• Control of Early T Cell Development by Notch and T Cell Receptor Signals
• TCR Affinity and Signaling during Thymocyte Selection
• Control of Migration during Intrathymic T Cell Development
• Thymocyte–mTEC Cross Talk for Self-Tolerance in T Cells
• Development of Regulatory T Cells in the Thymus
• DN TCRαβ Intraepithelial T Cell Development in the Thymus
• Cells of the Innate Immune System
• Neutrophils – Role in Innate Immunity
• Macrophage Activation and Polarization
• Kupffer Cells in Immunity
• Microglia – Role in Immunity
• Mast Cells in Allergy, Host Defense, and Immune Regulation
• Basophils – Role in Immunity
• Eosinophils
• Dendritic Cells and Dendritic Cell Subsets
• Natural Killer Cells
• The Role of Invariant NKT Cells in Immunity
• Polymorphic KIR-HLA System Regulates Natural Killer Cell Response
• ILC2 in Immunity
• Phylogeny of the Immune System
• Defense Mechanisms in Plants
• Emergence of Immune System Components in Cnidarians
• Molecular Evolution of Defense Pathways in Sponges: Self–Self-recognition and Fight against the Nonself
• Immunity in Molluscs
• The Immune System of Crustaceans
• Immunity in Insects
• The Immune System of Echinoderms
• The Immune System of Agnathans (Jawless Vertebrates)
• The Immune System and Immunity in Cartilaginous Fish
• The Immune System of Bony Fish
• The Immune System of Amphibians
• The Immune System in Reptiles
• The Avian Immune System
• The Immune System of Monotremes and Marsupials
• The Immune System of Lagomorphs
• The Immune System of Sheep and Goats
• The Immune System of Cattle
• The Immune System of Swine
• The Immune System of Horses and Other Equids
• Volume 2 Molecular Immunology
• Structure and Function of Diversifying Receptors
• Structure, Function, and Production of Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
• IgG Structure and Function
• Structure and Function of IgA
• Structure and Function of IgE
• Structure, Function, and Spatial Organization of the B Cell Receptor
• Genomic Organization of the Murine and Human IGH Locus
• Genomic Organization of Murine and Human Immunoglobulin Light Chain Loci
• Structure and Function of TCRαβ Receptors
• Structure and Function of TCRγδ Receptors
• Organization and Rearrangement of TCR Loci
• The Role of RAG in V(D)J Recombination
• NHEJ and Other Repair Factors in V(D)J Recombination
• AID in Somatic Hypermutation and Class Switch Recombination
• Error-Prone Mismatch and Base Excision DNA Repair in Somatic Hypermutation
• DNA Repair during Class Switch Recombination
• Immunoglobulin Diversification by Gene Conversion
• Variable Lymphocyte Receptors: The Basis of Adaptive Immunity in Jawless Vertebrates
• Structure and Function of Camelid VHH
• Structure and Function of IgNARS in Sharks and Other Cartilaginous Fish
• MHC Structure and Function
• Genetics and Genomic Organization of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
• Structure of Classical Class I MHC Molecules
• Structure of Nonclassical MHC I (HLA-E, HLA-F, HLA-G, and Orthologs)
• Structure of Classical MHCII (HLA-DP, DQ, DR, and Orthologs)
• Repertoire of Classical MHC Class I and Class II Molecules
• The Peptide Ligands Presented by MHC Class II Molecules
• Repertoire of Nonclassical MHC I (HLA-E, HLA-F, HLA-G, and Orthologues)
• Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource
• Origin and Processing of MHC-I Ligands
• Ligand Selection and Trafficking for MHC I
• Origin and Processing of MHC Class II Ligands
• Ligand Selection and Trafficking for MHC II
• Cluster of Differentiation 1 (CD1): A Family of Lipid Antigen-Presenting Molecules
• MR1 (in Mouse and Man)
• Structures and Functions of MHC-like Proteins
• Molecular Immunoevasion Strategies Targeting Antigen Processing and Presentation
• HLA and Autoimmunity
• Genetic Associations of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) with Infectious Disease
• HLA and Drug Hypersensitivity
• Molecular Aspects of Innate Immunity
• Classical Complement Pathway
• Alternative Pathway of Complement
• Inflammatory Products of the Complement Pathway
• Proteolytic Cascades
• The NOD-Like Receptors
• Cytoplasmic Viral RNA Sensors: RIG-I-Like Receptors
• Fc Receptors and Fc Receptor-Like Molecules within the Immunoreceptor Family
• Scavenger Receptors
• The Mucins
• Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins and Lysozyme
• Regulation of Immune Cell Functions through Nectin and Nectin-Like Receptors
• SLAM Family Receptors
• Ectonucleotidases in Immunobiology
• Neuroendocrine Peptides
• Cytokines and their Receptors
• The Interleukin-1 Family
• Inflammasomes
• Roles of TNF and Other Members of the TNF Family in the Regulation of Innate Immunity
• Lymphotoxin
• The Biology of Interleukin-6, a Major Target in Anti-Inflammatory Therapies
• Interferon α/β
• Interferon γ: An Overview of Its Functions in Health and Disease
• New Interferons
• γc Family Cytokines: Role in Immune Cell Development and Function
• The Cellular and Molecular Network of IL-4 and IL-13
• The IL-12/IL-23 Cytokine Family
• Interleukin-17 Family
• IL-10
• The IL-20 Subfamily of Cytokines and Their Receptors
• TGFβ
• Function of Chemokines and Their Receptors in Immunity
• Atypical Chemokine Receptors
• Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs)
• Viral Anticytokine Strategies
• Volume 3 Activation of the Immune System
• Signal Transduction
• TCR Signaling: Proximal Signaling
• Adapter Molecules in Immune Receptor Signaling
• Immunological Synapses
• Kinase and Phosphatase Effector Pathways in T Cells
• Cellular Metabolism Controls Lymphocyte Activation and Differentiation
• Signal Transduction by the B Cell Antigen Receptor
• Ubiquitin Signaling to NF-κB
• Chemokine Receptor Signaling
• Integrins: Regulation of Adhesion and Downstream Signaling
• Signaling of Phagocytosis
• Control of Cell Survival and Apoptosis
• Signaling Pathways Downstream of TLRs and IL-1 Family Receptors
• TNF Receptor Superfamily Signaling Pathways in Immune Cells
• Structural Biology of JAK/STAT Cytokines and Their Receptors
• Jak-STAT Signaling Pathways
• Nuclear Receptors in Immune Function
• B Cell Activation
• Antigen Acquisition In Vivo and its Role in B Cell Activation
• Regulation of B Cell Migration and Location in Response to Antigens
• T Cell–Dependent B Cell Activation
• Germinal Centers
• Somatic Hypermutation and Class Switch Recombination
• Memory B Cells
• Long-Lived Plasma Cells
• Extrafollicular Antibody Responses
• Marginal Zone B Cell Responses to Antigens
• The Humoral Immune Response to T Cell–Independent Antigens
• Activation of B-1 Cells
• Cytokine Regulation of B Cell Activation and Differentiation
• B Cell–Associated Surface Molecules and B Cell Responses
• TNF and TNFR Family Members and B Cell Activation
• Cytokine-Producing Effector B Cells
• Vaccines to Program Protective Humoral Immunity
• B Cell Leukemia and Lymphoma
• T Cell Activation
• Th1 Cells
• The Differentiation and Function of Th2 and Th9 Cells
• Th17 and Th22 Cells
• Treg Cells
• γδ T Cell Functions and Biology
• Modification of T Cell Functions at Sites of Infection and Inflammation
• Recirculating and Resident Memory CD8+ T Cells
• Transition of T Cells from Effector to Memory Phase
• Cytotoxic Lymphocytes
• Conventional Dendritic Cells: Identification, Subsets, Development, and Functions
• Single T Cell Potential
• Anatomy and Microanatomy of the Immune System
• Thymic Microenvironments: Development, Organization, and Function
• Structure and Function of the Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Niche
• The Spleen
• Lymph Node Structure
• Anatomy and Microanatomy of Tonsils
• Anatomy and Function of the Gut Immune System
• Microanatomy and Immunity in the Liver
• Skin Immune System: Microanatomy
• Airway Immune System: Microanatomy
• Central Nervous System: Microanatomy
• Stromal Cells in Secondary Lymphoid Organs
• Tertiary Lymphoid Tissues
• Lymphocyte Recirculation
• Effector T Lymphocyte Migration to and Within Non-Lymphoid Tissues
• Leukocyte Adhesion Molecules
• Blood Vascular Endothelial Adhesion Molecules
• Endothelial Adhesion Molecules in the Lymphatic Vasculature
• Roles of Chemokines in Immune Cell Trafficking to Lymphoid Tissues
• S1P and LPA: Regulators of Immune Cell Egress and Ingress in Lymphoid Tissues
• Volume 4 Immunity to Pathogens and Tumors
• Immunity to Bacterial, Parasitic and Fungal Infections
• Immunology of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases: An Overview
• Immunogenetics of Parasitic and Bacterial Disease
• Immune-Driven Pathogen Evolution
• Immunology of Tuberculosis
• Systems Immunology: Approaches to Tuberculosis
• Immunity to Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
• Immunity to Salmonella
• Pneumococcal Biology, Diversity, Evolution and Host Responses to Infection
• Immunology of Bacterial Biodefense Agents: Francisella tularensis, Burkholderia mallei, and Yersinia pestis
• Immunology of Fungal Infections
• Subverting Immunity from the Inside: Strategies of Intracellular Survival – Protozoans
• Malaria, Immunity, and Immunopathology
• Immunology of African Trypanosomiasis
• Immunity to Trypanosoma cruzi
• Immunology of Leishmaniasis
• Toxoplasma gondii: Immune Protection and Evasion
• Immunity to Intestinal Protozoa: Entamoeba, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia
• Immunology of Lymphatic Filariasis
• Immunology of Schistosomiasis
• Immunology in Cestode Infections
• The Hygiene Hypothesis and Immunity to Parasitic Helminths
• Immunology of Central Nervous System Pathogens
• Immunology of Prion Disease
• Immunity to Viral Infections
• Sensors of Viral Infection
• Dendritic Cells in Viral Infection
• Innate Cytokine Responses and Their Functions during Viral Infections
• Intrinsic Cellular Defenses (TRIMS) in Modulating Viral Infection and Immunity
• NK Cells in Antiviral Defense
• NK Cells in T Cell Regulation
• NK Cells in HIV-1 Infection
• Chemokines and Viral Infections
• Antibody Responses and Functions in Defense against Viral Infection
• Activation of CD8 T Lymphocytes during Viral Infections
• CD4 T Cell Immunity to Viral Infection
• CD8 T Cell Memory to Pathogens
• Protective and Pathogenic T Cell Responses to Virus Infections
• T Cell Responses during Acute Respiratory Virus Infection
• Immune Responses to Viruses in the CNS
• Immunity to HIV
• Ebola Virus
• Immunity to Oncogenic Viruses
• Human Genetic Defects Resulting in Increased Susceptibility to Viral Infections
• Vaccination against Viruses
• Tumor Immunology
• Cancer Immunosurveillance: Immunoediting
• Inflammation and Cancer
• Tumor Antigens, Viral Origin
• Stem Cell Antigens in Cancer
• Personalized Immunotherapy Targeting the Cancer Mutanome
• CD8 T Lymphocytes in Antitumor Immunity
• CD4 T Cells in Antitumor Immunity
• Regulatory T Cells in Tumor Immunity
• NKT Cells in Tumor Immunity
• B Cells and Regulatory B Cells in Cancer Escape
• NK Cells in Antitumor Immunity
• Tumor-Associated Macrophages
• Dendritic Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment
• Immune Suppressive Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Cancer
• Soluble Mediators of Immune Suppression in the Tumor Microenvironment
• Vaccines and Their Role in CD8 T Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity
• Therapeutic and Prophylactic Cancer Vaccines
• Antibody Therapy
• From Adoptive Immunity to CAR Therapy: An Evolutionary Perspective
• Combining Immunotherapies with Standard Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer
• Volume 5 Physiology and Immune System Dysfunction
• Physiology of the Immune System
• The Intestinal Immune System
• Immunology of the Liver
• Immunology of the Eye
• Immunology of the Skin
• The Immunology of Adipose Tissue
• Immunology of the Testis and Privileged Sites
• Immunology of the Brain
• Immunology of the Female Reproductive Mucosa
• Immunity and the Endocrine System
• Effect of Sex on Cellular Immunity
• Effect of Sex on Humoral and Innate Immunity
• Neonatal Immunity
• Role of the Microbiota in Immune Development
• Immunity and Nutrition: the Role of Vitamins
• Immunity and Aging
• Autoimmunity
• Complex Genetic Control of Autoimmune Disease
• Autoimmune Diseases Arising out of Single Gene Defects
• Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
• Type 1 Diabetes
• Myasthenia Gravis
• The Immunobiology of Multiple Sclerosis
• Psoriasis, Cutaneous Lupus Erithematosus and Immunobiology of the Skin
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• The Immune Responses of Celiac Disease
• Animal Models of Autoimmunity
• Transplantation
• Immune Tolerance in Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
• Transplantation Immunology: Kidney and Liver
• The Immunology of Pancreas Transplantation
• Animal Models of Transplantation
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine
• Allergy
• Allergens
• Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Immune Reactions in the Skin
• The Immunobiology of Asthma
• Immunology of Nasal Polyposis and Allergic Rhinitis
• Allergen Immunotherapy
• Biologicals to Treat Allergy and Asthma
• The Hygiene Hypothesis of Allergy and Asthma
• Microbiome and Allergy
• Immune Deficiency
• Primary Immunodeficiencies: Clinical and Biological Guidelines
• Thymus Abnormalities: DiGeorge Syndrome and Winged Helix Deficiency
• Combined T Cell and B Cell Deficiency – SCID Forms: T−B+
• Severe Combined Immune Deficiency with Absence of B and T Lymphocytes (T−B−NK+SCIDs): The Key Function of V(D)J Recombination for Lymphocyte Development
• Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Deficiency
• Defects in T Cell Activation and Signaling
• Familial Lymphohistiocytosis
• Mendelian Susceptibility to Infections with Viruses, Mycobacteria, Bacteria, and Candida
• Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome, Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency, and Other Migration Defects in Human Primary Immunodeficiency
• Apoptosis-Related Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
• Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy–Candidiasis–Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED)
• Immunodysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, and Enteropathy, X-Linked (IPEX) Syndrome
• The Immunologic Complications and Genetic Origins of Telomere Disorders
• Defects in B Cell Development
• Defects in B Cell Survival and Activation
• Immunoglobulin Class-Switch Recombination Defects
• Chronic Granulomatous Disease
• Monogenic Autoinflammatory Diseases
• Clinical Significance of Complement Abnormalities
• Principles of Treatment of Primary Immunodeficiencies
• Author Index