This second edition of a bestseller, Nutrition in Public Health: Principles, Policies, and Practice focuses on the role of the federal government in determining nutrition policy and influencing practice. Beginning with an overview of public health principles, the book examines the application of nutritional policy to dietary guidance, health promotion, and the practice of public health nutrition.

Table of Contents

• Preface to the Second Edition
• Preface to the First Edition
• Acknowledgments
• Authors
• Chapter 1 - Public Health and Nutrition
• Introduction
• PUBLIC NUTRITION
• PUBLIC HEALTH
• Assessment
• Policy Development
• Assurance
• Public Health Nutrition
• Surveillance and Monitoring
• Coordinated Federal Nutrition Monitoring
• Assessment, Program Planning, and Evaluation
• Leadership: Public Health and Community Nutritionists
• Federal Government's Role in Nutrition in Public Health
• Bill of Rights
• Legislative Branch of the Federal Government
• Judicial Branch of the Federal Government
• Executive Branch of the Federal Government
• Department of Agriculture
• Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services
• Food Safety
• Research, Education, and Economics
• Department of Health and Human Services
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Food and Drug Administration
• Indian Health Service
• Administration for Community Living
• National Institutes of Health
• Nutrition in Public Health: Prospective
• Conclusion
• Acronyms
• Appendix 1.1
• National Health Interview Survey
• Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
• Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
• National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
• NHANES Background
• NHANES Methodology
• NHANES Dietary Measures
• References
• Chapter 2 - Preventing Disease or Promoting Health?
• INTRODUCTION
• Defining Health
• History Of Public Health: A Brief Review
• DISEASE PREVENTION
• CURRENT HEALTH BEHAVIORS OF THE US ADULT POPULATION
• Disease Promotion
• HISTORY OF HEALTH PROMOTION
• ROLES OF HEALTH PROMOTION
• TOWARD IMPROVED HEALTH PROMOTION
• Examples Of Health Promotion Activities
• Cardiovascular Disease
• Tobacco and Sugar Control Measures
• Lifestyle Compared to Medication Interventions
• WOULD A HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL NEGLECT THE REALITY OF DISEASE?
• HEALTH PROMOTION: POLITICS AND PUBLIC POLICY
• Health Promotion and Universal Healthcare
• Role of the Individual in Public Health
• NEW DEFINITION OF PUBLIC HEALTH'S ROLE
• Health Promotion Is Three-Dimensional
• CONCLUSION
• Acronyms
• References
• Chapter 3 - Nutritional Epidemiology
• INTRODUCTION
• DIETARY ASSESSMENT
• Observation
• Self-Report
• Diet Records
• 24-Hour Dietary Recall
• Food Frequency Questionnaires and Checklists
• Biomarkers
• Improving Diet and Physical Activity Assessment Modalities
• STUDY DESIGNS IN NUTRITIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Case Reports and Case Series
• Ecological or Correlational Studies
• Examples of Ecological Studies
• Ecological Fallacy
• Cross-Sectional or Prevalence Studies
• Case–Control Studies
• Examples of Case–Control Studies
• Cohort Studies
• Retrospective Cohort Studies
• Prospective Cohort Studies
• Meta-Analyses
• Controlled Trials
• Nonblind, Nonrandomized Controlled Trials
• Nonblind, Randomized Clinical Trial
• Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials
• USDA'S AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
• Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center
• Nutrient Data Laboratory
• Food Surveys Research Group
• Technical Support
• CONCLUSION
• Acronyms
• References
• Chapter 4 - Diet-Related Chronic Disease: Disparities and Programs to Reduce Them
• Introduction
• Common Risk Factors and Prevention
• Leading Diet-Related Chronic Diseases
• General Prevention Guidelines
• Overweight and Obesity: The Common Risk Factor
• Age
• Gender, Race, and Ethnicity
• Socioeconomic Status
• Metabolic Syndrome
• Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome
• Metabolic Syndrome in Youth
• Federal Efforts Addressing Health Disparities
• Department of Health and Human Services
• Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
• Office of Minority Health
• National Institutes of Health
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• A Close-Up on Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer
• Diabetes
• Prevalence of Diabetes
• Direct and Indirect Cost of Diabetes
• Diagnostic Criteria
• Prediabetes
• Diabetes Prevention and Treatment
• Diabetes in Children
• Prevalence of Diabetes in Youth and Children
• Rising Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in Children
• Complications in Diabetes Diagnoses in Children
• Screening Recommendations for Children
• Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Children
• Cardiovascular Disease
• Heart Disease
• Prevention of Heart Disease
• Prevention Initiatives
• Community-Based Prevention for Heart Disease
• Hypertension
• Prevalence of Hypertension
• Prevention of Hypertension
• Population-Based Strategies for Hypertension Prevention
• Cancer
• Cancer Prevention
• Cancer Prevention and Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
• Cancer Prevention Programs
• Addressing Health Disparities in Cancer
• CONCLUSION
• Acronyms
• Appendix 4.1: HHS STRATEGIC PLAN FOR FISCAL YEARS 2014–2018, SECRETARY'S STRATEGIC INITIATIVES, AND THE DISPARITIES ACTION PLAN
• HHS Strategic Plan, Fiscal Years 2014–2018
• HHS Disparities Action Plan
• Appendix 4.2: NIH
• NIH Institutes
• NIH Centers
• References
• Chapter 5 - Weight Control: Challenges and Solutions
• Introduction
• Extent of the Problem
• Defining Overweight and Obesity
• Adults
• Children
• Prevalence of Obesity in the United States
• Obesity Prevalence among Children
• Impact of Socioeconomic Status and Ethnicity on Obesity Prevalence
• Surveys
• National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
• Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
• Youth BRFSS
• Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System
• Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health Risk Factor Surveys
• Impact on Public Health
• Costs of Overweight and Obesity
• Globalization and Obesity
• Nutrition Transition and Its Repercussions
• Factors Contributing to the Problem of Obesity
• Environmental Determinants of Overweight and Obesity
• Built Environment
• Economic Environment
• US Agricultural Policies
• Advertising
• Food Environment
• School Food: Federal Programs
• Obesity Prevention
• Dieting: Individual Prevention
• Proposed Obesity Prevention Strategies and Policies
• Regulating Advertising to Children
• Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes and Portion Size Limitations
• Menu Labeling
• Nutrition Facts Labeling
• School-Based Programs
• School Wellness Policies
• Healthy Schools Programs
• Federal Programs and Resources for Obesity Prevention
• Obama Administration: Let's Move!
• USDA Initiatives
• CDC Initiatives
• NIH Initiatives
• Federal Resources for Facilitating Obesity Prevention Programs and Policies
• Workplace Wellness Programs
• Conclusion
• Acronyms
• References
• Chapter 6 - Special Populations
• Introduction
• Lactating Mothers and BreastFed Infants
• Benefits of Breastfeeding
• Physiologic Benefits
• Additional Benefits
• Breastfeeding Trends
• Breastfeeding Surveillance
• Ross Mothers Survey
• National Immunization Survey
• Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System
• Sociodemographic Factors of Lactating Mothers
• Overcoming Barriers to Breastfeeding
• Social Support
• Education
• Maternity Care Practices
• Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative
• Legislative Efforts: State and Federal
• Federal Breastfeeding Laws
• Federal Breastfeeding Policy
• Workplace Initiatives
• People Living with HIV/AIDS
• Nutrition and HIV/AIDS
• Inadequate Intake
• Altered Absorption
• Altered Nutrient Metabolism
• AIDS Wasting and Lipodystrophy
• Nutritional Care and HIV/AIDS
• Screening and Referral
• Medical Nutrition Therapy
• Legislative and Community Support
• The Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act
• Affordable Care Act
• Jail and Prison Inmates
• Federal Detention
• State Detention
• Prison Health and Safety Rights and Standards
• Demographic Trends in Correctional Populations
• Race and Ethnicity
• Gender
• Aging Inmates
• Chronic Disease Burden
• Food Service in the Prison Systems
• Federal System
• State Systems
• Corrections Dietitians
• Dietary Guidelines and Correctional Menus
• Correctional Health as Public Health
• Managing Nutrition-Related Chronic Diseases
• Health Promotion through Correctional Food Access Policies
• Nutrition Education
• Resources and Professional Affiliations
• Conclusion
• Acronyms
• Appendix 6.1 The Innocenti Declaration on the Protection, Promotion, and Support of Breastfeeding
• Appendix 6.2 United States Breastfeeding Committee
• Strategic Plan: 2009–2013
• Appendix 6.3 State Breastfeeding Statutes
• References
• Chapter 7 - Cultural Competency
• Introduction
• Cultural Competency
• Health Disparities and the Role of Cultural Competency
• Cultural Competency Influencers
• Demographic Changes
• Health Literacy
• Age
• Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Gender Expression
• CulturAL Competency and Healthcare Organizations
• Policy
• Marketplace Factors
• Accreditation
• Patient-Centered Care
• Techniques and Strategies for Achieving Cultural Competence
• Low-Literacy Nutrition Education Materials
• Target Audience
• Conduct Target Audience Research
• Develop a Concept for the Product
• Develop Content and Visuals
• Pretest and Revise Draft Materials
• Foodways of Some Ethnic/Racial Groups in the United States
• African Americans
• Teaching Implications
• Hispanics
• Mexican Americans
• Teaching Implications
• Puerto Ricans
• Teaching Implications
• Cuban Americans
• Teaching Implications
• Dominican Americans
• Teaching Implications
• Asian Americans
• Vietnamese
• Teaching Implications
• Hmong
• Teaching Implications
• Conclusion
• Acronyms
• References
• Chapter 8 - Food and Nutrition Policies
• Introduction
• Making Policy
• Definitions
• Types of Food and Nutrition Policy
• Informing Policy: An Ecological Approach
• Initiating Policy
• Case Study: Genesis of a National Nutrition Policy
• Nutrition and Health Policies
• Dietary Guidelines for Americans
• Healthy People
• Origins of Healthy People: 1979–1990
• Healthy People 2000
• Healthy People 2010
• Healthy People 2020
• Federal Action Steps
• Let's Move!
• State and Local Action Steps
• HealthierUS School Challenge
• Local Wellness Policies in Schools
• Micronutrient Fortification and Labeling
• Micronutrient Fortification: Background
• Iodization of Salt
• Fortification of Milk with Vitamins D and A
• Enrichment and Fortification of Grain Products
• Fluoridation of Water
• Food Allergen Labeling
• Gluten-Free Labeling
• Labeling of Genetically Modified Organisms
• Nutrition Labeling
• Hunger, Agriculture, And Public Health
• Policy Regarding Domestic Hunger
• First Half of the Twentieth Century
• Second Half of the Twentieth Century
• US Farm Policy and Health
• Background
• Health Implications of Current US Farm Policy
• Social Implications of Current US Farm Policy
• Agricultural Policy Changes
• US Farm Bill
• Proposals for the Next US Farm Bill
• Taking Action
• Advocacy Goals
• Case Study: Promoting the Child Nutrition Promotion and School Lunch Protection Act
• Conclusion
• Acronyms
• References
• Chapter 9 - Food and Nutrition Guidance
• Introduction
• USDA Food Guidance, 1900s–1970: Eating to Prevent Deficiencies
• USDA AND HHS DIETARY GUIDANCE, 1970s TO 2010: HEALTH PROMOTION
• Dietary Goals for the United States, 1977
• Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 1980–
• Food Guide Pyramid, 1992–2005
• Dissension and Controversy
• MyPyramid, 2005–2010
• Defining and Measuring Healthy Diets
• Healthy Eating Index
• Recommended Dietary Allowances and Dietary Reference Intakes
• History of the Recommended Dietary Allowances
• Dietary Reference Intakes
• Micronutrients
• Energy, Fiber, and the Macronutrients
• Uses of the Dietary Reference Intakes
• Current Federal Food, Nutrition, and Lifestyle Guidance (2010–2015)
• Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010
• Dietary Advice
• Revised Healthy Eating Index
• MyPlate Food Guidance System
• Development of MyPlate
• Criticism
• Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015
• Disease Prevention Guidance from Federal and Voluntary Health Organizations
• Cardiovascular Disease
• Hypertension
• Prehypertension
• Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension and Prevention
• Diabetes
• Prediabetes
• Prevention
• National Diabetes Education Program
• Cancer
• National Cancer Institute
• American Institute for Cancer Research
• Conclusion
• Acronyms
• References
• Chapter 10 - Food and Nutrition Assessment of the Community
• Introduction
• Community Assessment
• The Community Nutrition Assessment
• Local Nutrition Surveillance
• The Community Food Assessment
• Community Food Assessment Projects
• The Community Food Security Assessment
• Community Food Security Assessment Projects
• Conducting an Assessment
• Steps to an Effective Assessment
• Organize a Team
• Define the Community and the Scope of the Assessment
• Collect Data
• Profile Food Resource Availability, Accessibility, and Affordability
• Measure Household Food Security
• Assessment of Food Production Resources
• Securing Funding and Developing Budgets
• Analyze and Present Data
• Implement Findings
• Geographic Information Systems
• Examples of GIS in Food and Nutrition Programs
• Conclusion
• Acronyms
• Appendix 10.1 US Household Food Security Survey Module, Short Form Survey, and Coding Response
• Household Food Security Survey Module
• References
• Chapter 11 - Promoting Food Security
• Introduction
• Parsing Food Security
• Poverty in the United States
• Nutrition and Health Characteristics of Low-Income Populations
• Food Insecurity in the United States
• Prevalence of Food Insecurity in the United States
• Federal Nutrition Assistance Programs
• Food and Nutrition Service
• Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
• School Food Programs
• National School Lunch Program
• School Breakfast Program
• Summer Feeding Programs
• Summer Food Service Program
• Seamless Summer Feeding Option
• Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
• Child and Adult Care Food Program
• Senior Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program
• Special Milk Program
• Nutrition Services Incentive Program
• Food Distribution Programs
• The Emergency Food Assistance Program
• Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations
• Commodity Supplemental Food Program
• Ending Hunger
• Conclusion
• Acronyms
• References
• Chapter 12 - Social Marketing and Other Mass Communication Techniques
• Introduction
• Social Marketing
• What Social Marketing Can Do for Public Health
• How Social Marketing Works
• Product (Social Proposition)
• Price (Cost)
• Place (Accessibility)
• Promotion (Communication)
• Public (Target Audiences)
• Policy (Environmental Supports)
• Partnerships (Alliances)
• Purse Strings (Budget)
• The Social Marketing Campaign
• Step 1: Plan the Approach
• Step 2: Define the Message and Select Channels and Materials
• Step 3: Develop and Pretest Materials and Methods
• Step 4: Implement the Program
• Step 5: Program Evaluation
• Step 6: Refine the Program and Plan for Sustainability
• Ethics in Social Marketing
• Food and Nutrition Social Marketing Campaigns
• Campaigns to Prevent Overweight and Obesity
• VERB: It's What You Do
• We Can!
• Sisters Together: Move More, Eat Better
• Campaigns to Prevent Osteoporosis
• The National Bone Health Campaign
• Campaigns to Prevent Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Cancer
• National Diabetes Education Program
• 1% or Less
• 5 A Day for Better Health/Fruits & Veggies—More Matters®
• Campaigns to Prevent Foodborne Illness
• Food Safety Education
• National Food Thermometer Education Campaign
• National Food Safety Education Month
• Campaigns to Promote Health through Nutrition
• National Folic Acid Education Campaign
• SNAC and SNAP
• Tailored Health Communication and Social Media
• Text Messaging
• Social Media in Social Marketing
• Conclusion
• Acronyms
• References
• Chapter 13 - Food Safety and Defense
• Introduction
• Federal Role in Food Safety
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Environmental Protection Agency
• Focus on the FDA
• Food Safety: Federal Authority
• Food Safety at the State Level and the Food Model Code
• Food Safety through Labeling
• 1958 Food Additive Amendment
• Determining Safety: GRAS
• 2004 Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act
• Genetic Modification of Foods
• Foodborne Pathogens and Surveillance
• Pathogens of Interest to Public Health
• Epidemiology of Foodborne Illness
• Human Demographics
• Changing Relationship with Food
• Foodborne Outbreak Incidence
• Food Safety and Public Health: Promotion of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
• Critique of the Food Safety Regulatory Apparatus
• The Food Safety Modernization Act of 2011
• FSMA Cost
• Surveillance Systems
• FoodNet (CDC)
• National Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring System (FDA, CDC, and USDA)
• CaliciNet
• PulseNet (CDC)
• National Surveillance for Enteric Disease
• Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System
• Foodborne Diseases Centers for Outbreak Response Enhancement (FoodCORE) (CDC)
• eLEXNET
• Food Safety Survey
• Food Defense
• Industry Vulnerability
• Public Nutrition: Disaster Response
• Federal Authority
• National Response Framework
• USDA and Food and Nutrition Service: Disaster Management
• FNS Disaster Response
• Conclusion
• Acronyms
• References
• Chapter 14 - Grants to Support Initiatives in Public Health Nutrition
• Introduction
• Public Funding Sources
• Programs in the Public Sector (Tax-Supported Programs)
• Department of Health and Human Services
• Administration for Children and Families
• Administration for Community Living
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Food and Drug Administration
• Indian Health Service
• National Institutes of Health
• United States Department of Agriculture
• Food and Nutrition Service
• Food Safety and Inspection Service
• National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Healthy Food Financing Initiative
• Private Sector
• Applying for Funds
• Grant Application Mechanisms
• Grant Maker–Initiated Requests for Proposals
• Grant Seeker–Initiated Requests for Proposals
• In-Kind Support
• Grant Applications
• Grant Writing
• Characteristics of the Successful Grant Application
• Parts of the Proposal
• Abbreviated Grant Proposals
• Conclusion
• Acronyms
• Appendix 14.1 Glossary of Terms for Grants in Public Health Nutrition
• References