The Encyclopedia Of Race And Racism, 2nd Edition, provides critical information and context on the underlying social, economic, geographical, and political conditions that gave rise to, and continue to foster, racism. Religion, political economy, social activism, health, concepts, and constructs are explored. Given the increasingly diverse population of the United States and the rapid effects of globalization, as well as mass and social media, the issue of race in world affairs, history, and culture is of preeminent importance.

Table of Contents

• Editorial Board
• Editorial and Production Staff
• Introduction
• Contributors
• Thematic Outline
• Volume 1
• A
• Abolition Movement
• Admixture
• Affirmative Action
• Africa
• Africa: British Colonies John Obioma Ukawuilulu
• Africa: French Colonies George R. Trumbull IV
• Africa: German Colonies George O. Ndege
• Africa: Italian Colonies Michael Pretes
• Africa: Portuguese Colonies Caryn E. Neumann
• African Blood Brotherhood
• African Diaspora
• African Economic Development
• African Enslavement, Precolonial
• African Liberation Support Committee
• Afrocentrism
• Afro-Syncretic Religions
• Alien Land Laws
• Allen, Richard 1760–1831
• Ambedkar, B. R. 1891–1956
• American Anti-Slavery Society
• American Colonization Society and the Founding of Liberia
• American Friends Service Committee
• American Indian Boarding Schools
• American Indian Movement (AIM)
• American Indians
• American Negro Academy
• Ancestry
• Antebellum Black Ethnology
• Anthropology, History of
• Anthropometry
• Anti-Apartheid Movement
• Anti-Defamation League
• Anti-Indian Movement
• Anti-Semitism
• Anti-Semitism: Arab World Esther Webman
• Anti-Semitism: Modern Europe Colin Clark
• Anti-Semitism: United States Leonard Dinnerstein
• Apartheid
• Arab Americans
• Aryans
• Association for the Study of Negro Life and History
• Atlantic Creoles and Vernacular English
• Atlantic Slave Trade
• Australian Aborigine Peoples
• Aztlán
• B
• Baartman, Saartje c. 1790–1815
• Baker, Ella 1903–1986
• Baldwin, James 1924–1987
• Bandung Conference, 1955
• Barrio
• Bates, Daisy 1912–1999
• Beauty Standards
• Belgian Congo
• Bell Curve, the
• Berlin Conference of 1884–1885
• Bigotry
• Biko, Stephen Bantu 1946–1977
• Biological Determinism
• Biracialism
• Birmingham School of Cultural Studies
• Birth of a Nation, the
• Black Arts Movement
• Black Codes
• Black Consciousness
• Black Immigration
• Black Indians
• Black Nationalism
• Black Panther Party for Self-Defense
• Black Popular Culture (US)
• Black Power
• Blackness in Latin America
• Black-White Intermarriage
• Blood Purity Laws
• Blood Quantum
• Boas, Franz 1858–1942
• Bolívar, Simón 1783–1830
• Bollywood
• Borders
• Braceros, Repatriation, and Seasonal Workers
• Brown, John 1800–1859
• Brown v. Board of Education
• Buddhists and Buddhism
• Buffalo Soldiers
• Bunche, Ralph 1903–1971
• Burakumin
• C
• Calhoun, John C. 1782–1850
• Cancer (Breast)
• Capitalism
• Caribbean Immigration
• Caste and Casteism
• Césaire, Aimé 1913–2008
• Chamberlain, Houston Stewart 1855–1927
• Chicago School, the
• Chicano Movement
• Children, Status Disparities of
• Chinese Diaspora
• Chinese Immigration and Exclusion (US), Nineteenth Century
• Chisholm, Shirley 1924–2005
• Christian Identity
• Christians and Christianity
• Citizenship
• Civil Rights Acts
• Civil Rights Movement
• Civil War Politics
• Clarkson, Thomas 1760–1846
• Colorism
• Condorcet, Marquis de 1743–1794
• Confucianism
• Contact Hypothesis
• Coon Carnival
• Cox, Oliver 1901–1974
• Creation Narratives
• Creole Languages
• Crime and American Indians
• Criminal Justice System (US)
• Criminality and Social Factors
• Critical Race Theory
• Crusades
• Cuffe, Paul 1759–1817
• Cultural Deficiency
• Cultural Determinism
• Cultural Resistance
• Culture
• Volume 2
• D
• Dalits
• Dance
• Darwin, Charles Robert 1809–1882
• Davis, Angela 1944–
• Dawes Act
• Day Laborers, Latino
• Deme
• Demographics and Race
• Demographics (Racial) in the Western Hemisphere
• Desegregation (US)
• Discordance, Principle of
• Discrimination: Constitutional Provisions, Legislation, and Jurisprudence
• Discrimination, Measurement of
• Diseases
• Doll Studies
• Douglass, Frederick 1818–1895
• Dred Scott v. Sandford
• Du Bois, W. E. B. 1868–1963
• E
• Economic Growth
• Education, Discrimination in Higher
• Education, Diversity in Higher
• Educational Disparities
• El Mestizaje
• El Plan de Santa Barbara
• Emancipation
• Enlightenment
• Essentialism
• Ethiopia, Invasion of
• Ethnicity
• Ethnocentrism
• Ethnological Exhibitions
• Eugenics
• European Middle Ages
• Exotic Lady Continents
• Exploitation
• Eysenck, Hans Jurgen 1916–1997
• F
• Families
• Fanon, Frantz 1925–1961
• Fascism
• Federal Recognition: What Is an Indian?
• Felony Disenfranchisement
• Feminism
• Firmin, Anténor 1850–1911
• Fisk Jubilee Singers
• Forensic Anthropology
• Forten, James 1766–1842
• Fourth World
• Freedmen's Bureau
• Frelimo
• G
• Galton, Francis 1822–1911
• Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand 1869–1948
• Garnet, Henry Highland 1815–1882
• Garrison, William Lloyd 1805–1879
• Garvey, Marcus 1887–1940
• Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity
• Crimes Against Humanity: Overview Colin Clark
• Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity: Armenia Rouben Paul Adalian
• Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity: Assyrian Massacre David Gaunt
• Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity: Balkans Kurt W. Jefferson
• Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity: Bosnia-Herzegovina Sharon Mills
• Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity: Cambodia David Chandler
• Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity: Haitian Massacre of 1937 Evelyn Cartright
• Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity: Japanese Occupation Joseph L. Graves Jr.
• Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity: Mayan Genocide in Guatemala Samuel Totten
• Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity: Rwanda Rafiki Ubaldo
• Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity: Sudan Samuel Totten
• Gilroy, Paul 1956–
• Global Environment Movement
• Great Chain of Being
• Guevara, Che 1928–1967
• H
• Haitian Revolution
• Hamer, Fannie Lou 1917–1977
• Hate Crimes
• Hate Speech (US)
• Health Care Gap
• Health Disparities
• Heritability
• Hindus and Hinduism
• Hip-Hop Culture and Rap Music
• Historical Trauma
• Historically Black Colleges and Universities
• Hitler, Adolf 1889–1945
• HIV and AIDS
• Hollywood, Racial Depictions in
• Holocaust
• Holocaust Denial
• Human Biological Variation
• Human Evolution and Genetics
• Human Genome Project
• Human Trafficking
• I
• Immigration Reform (US)
• Immigration Regulation
• Imperialism
• Imperialism: Africa Stephen Bishop
• Imperialism: Asia Wellington K. K. Chan
• Imperialism: Middle East Tom Lansford
• Indian Rights Association
• Indian Slavery
• Indians, American and Asian
• Indigenous
• Inequality
• Inequality: Brazil Veronica Toste Daflon
• Inequality: China Delia Davin
• Inequality: India Deepti Goel
• Inequality: Japan Tin Tin Htun
• Inequality: Mexico Joshua K. Salyers
• Infant Mortality and Birth Weight
• Integration
• Intelligence Project
• Internal Colony
• Intersectionality
• IQ and Testing: Critiques
• Islamophobia
• Volume 3
• J
• Janvier, Louis-Joseph 1855–1911
• Japanese American Internment and Relocation
• Jensen, Arthur 1923–
• Jewish Defense League
• Jews and Judaism
• Jim Crow
• K
• Kahane, Meir 1932–1990
• Kennewick Man
• King, Martin Luther, Jr. 1929–1968
• Ku Klux Klan
• L
• La Malinche
• La Raza
• Labor Market
• Language
• Latina Gender and Reproduction
• Latino Social Movements
• Latinos
• League of Revolutionary Black Workers
• Lewis, W. Arthur 1915–1991
• Life Expectancy
• Linguistics
• Linked Fate
• Lumumba, Patrice 1925–1961
• M
• Machismo
• Macroeconomic Stabilization Policy
• Malaria, Genetic Adaptation to
• Malcolm, X 1925–1965
• Mandela, Nelson 1918–
• Maoism
• Mardi Gras Indians
• Market Competition
• Marshall, Thurgood 1908–1993
• Marxism
• Medical Experimentation
• Mental Health Disparities
• Mexicans
• Middle East: Minorities
• Missionaries
• Model Minorities
• Mormonism
• Motherhood
• Mulatto Escape Hatch
• Multiculturalism
• Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity (MIBI)
• Muslims and Islam
• N
• NAACP
• NAACP: Legal Actions, 1935–1955
• National Association of Colored Women's Clubs (NACWC)
• National Negro Convention Movement
• National Socialism
• National Urban League (US)
• Nationalism and Ethnicity
• Nationalism and Ethnicity: Definition and History Julie Thorpe
• Nationalism and Ethnicity: Cultural Nationalism Elizabeth Bishop Natasha Barnes
• Nationalism and Ethnicity: Africa Chima J. Korieh
• Nationalism and Ethnicity: Asia Delia Davin
• Nationalism and Ethnicity: Europe Thomas Hylland Eriksen
• Nationalism and Ethnicity: Latin America Alexandra Puerto
• Nationalism and Ethnicity: Middle East Ronald Bruce St John
• Nationalism and Ethnicity: North America Susan-Mary Grant
• Nationalism and Ethnicity: Pan-Arabism Ronald Bruce St John
• Nationalism and Ethnicity: Zionism and Israel Paul L. Scham
• Native American Popular Culture
• Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
• Nativism
• Negritude and Negrismo
• Neoliberalism
• New Abolitionist Movement
• New Negro, the
• Nkrumah, Kwame 1909–1972
• Nyerere, Julius 1922–1999
• O
• Obama, Barack Hussein 1961–
• Occupational Crowding
• Olympic Games
• Operation Gatekeeper
• Operation Wetback
• Organisation Armée Secrète (Secret Army Organization)
• Orientalism
• “Out of Africa” Hypothesis
• P
• Palestinian Nakba
• Pan-Africanism
• Passing
• The Passing of the Great Race
• Pathology, Dysfunction, and Inequality
• Pay Equity
• Performance
• Periyar, E. V. Ramasamy Naicker 1879–1973
• Phule, Jotiba 1827–1890
• Pioneer Fund
• “Playing Indian”
• Plessy V. Ferguson
• Polygenism
• Population Genetics
• Porres, Martin de St. 1579–1639
• Post-Structuralism
• Poverty
• Prejudice
• Prison-Industrial Complex
• Puerto Ricans, Identity and Self-Determination of
• Q
• Race Riots
• Racial Formations
• Racial Formations: Canada Debra Thompson
• Racial Formations: Central America Mark Anderson
• Racial Formations: Cuba Elisa Facio
• Racial Formations: The Dominican Republic Jennifer L. Shoaff
• Racial Formations: Haiti John D. Garrigus
• Racial Formations: Latin America Norman E. Whitten Jr.
• Racial Formations: South Africa Natascha Mueller-Hirth
• Racial Hierarchy
• Racial Profiling and Biased Policing
• Racial Purity (US), 1900–1910
• Racism
• Racism: Alternative Expressions Eduardo Bonilla-Silva Austin W. Ashe
• Racism: Aversive John F. Dovidio Samuel L. Gaertner
• Racism: Color-Blind Eduardo Bonilla-Silva Michelle Christian
• Racism: Cultural Edward Fergus
• Racism: Institutional Kristen M. Lavelle Joe R. Feagin
• Racism: Medical Janis Faye Hutchinson
• Racism: Scientific Jonathan Marks
• Symbolic and Modern Racism P. J. Henry David O. Sears
• Ramabai, Pandita 1858–1922
• Rape
• Rassenhygiene
• Rastafarianism
• Reconstruction
• Reconstruction Amendments
• Reformation and Renaissance
• Reparations
• Reproductive Rights
• Reservation System
• Rodney, Walter 1942–1980
• Roma
• Volume 4
• S
• Schœlcher, Victor 1804–1893
• Scholarship: Social Sciences
• Scottsboro Boys
• Secession
• Segregation, Index of Dissimilarity
• Segregation, Residential
• Sex Work
• Sexuality, Biological Basis of
• Sexuality, Racialized
• Sickle Cell Anemia
• Skin Color
• Slave Labor in the Americas
• Slavery
• Smith, James McCune 1813–1865
• Social Class and Mortality
• Social Democracy
• Social Justice
• Social Psychology of Racism
• Social Welfare States
• Socialization
• Soldiers of Color
• Southern Poverty Law Center
• Sovereignty and American Indian Communities
• Sports
• Sports: Asian Martial Arts Tobias T. Gibson
• Sports: Basketball Joseph L. Graves Jr.
• Sports: Cricket Daryl Adair
• Sports: Football (International) Kevin Hylton
• Sports: Football (US) Kristen M. Lavelle Charles K. Ross
• Sports: Track and Field Joseph L. Graves Jr.
• Standardized Tests
• Stereotype
• Stereotype Threat
• Stigma
• Stowe, Harriet Beecher 1811–1896
• Stratification Economics
• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
• Subspecies
• Sweatshops
• T
• Tay-Sachs Disease
• Television
• Texas Rangers
• Theories of Athletic Performance
• Theories of Athletic Performance: Baseball Stanton W. Green
• Theories of Athletic Performance: Boxing Joseph L. Graves, Jr.
• “Third World,” Transnational, and Global Feminisms
• Tillman, Benjamin “Pitchfork” 1847–1918
• Tokenism
• Toussaint Louverture c. 1743–1803
• Truth, Sojourner c. 1797–1883
• Turner, Henry Mcneal 1834–1915
• Turner, Nat 1800–1831
• U
• Undocumented Workers
• Unemployment and Underemployment
• UNESCO Statements on Race
• United Farm Workers Union
• United States Constitution
• V
• Vesey, Denmark c. 1767–1822
• Violence, Racial
• Violence Against Indigenous People, Latin America
• Visual Arts
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• W
• Walker, David c. 1796–1830
• Washington, Booker T. 1856–1915
• Wealth
• Wells-Barnett, Ida B. 1862–1931
• White Racial Identity
• White Settler Societies
• White Supremacy
• Whiteness and White Privilege
• Williams, Eric 1911–1981
• Willie Lynch Letter
• Winfrey, Oprah 1954–
• World Conference Against Racism
• Z
• Zapatista Rebellion
• Zoot Suit Riots
• Annotated Bibliography
• Annotated Filmography
• List of Primary Sources
• Tears of the Indians
• Tecumseh's Confrontation of Indiana Governor William Henry Harrison in August, 1810
• Dred Scott V. Sandford (Excerpts)
• Geronimo's Defense of Himself and His Actions to U.S. Army General George Crook in 1886
• Booker T. Washington's “Atlanta Compromise” Speech
• Plessy V. Ferguson (Excerpts)
• Booker T. Washington's “the Future of the American Negro” (Excerpts)
• “Lynch Law in America” (Excerpt)
• “Unity of the Human Race”
• Protocols of the Elders of Zion
• The Platform of the Niagara Movement
• Statement of Mr. William Joseph Simmons, of Atlanta, Georgia
• W. E. B. Du Bois's “Does the Negro Need Separate Schools?”
• “Concentration Camp: U.S. Style”
• Executive Order 9981—Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights, December 10, 1948
• Brown V. Board of Education (Excerpt)
• The 1963 Inaugural Address of Governor George C. Wallace (Excerpt)
• Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Excerpts)
• Lusaka Manifesto, 1969
• Declaration of Sanctions Against South Africa by the U.S. Congress
• Nelson Mandela's Address to the People of Cape Town, Grand Parade, on the Occasion of His Inauguration as State President
• Report on Rwanda from Amnesty International
• Statement of the AAPA on Biological Aspects of Race
• Statement of the AAA on “Race”
• Report on Crimes Against Humanity in Guatemala
• Statement of the ASA on the Importance of Collecting Data and Doing Social Scientific Research on Race
• “Darfur: A ‘Plan B’ to Stop Genocide?”
• Annotated Bibliography
• Annotated Filmography