The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspective views war through the lens of the social sciences, looking at the causes, processes and effects of war and drawing from a vast group of fields such as communication and mass media, economics, political science and law, psychology and sociology.

Table of Contents

• Reader's Guide
• About the Editor
• Contributors
• Introduction
• Volume 1: A-D
• A
• Abu Ghraib
• Activism, Social Ethic of
• Afghanistan
• Afghanistan, War in
• African Americans
• Agent Orange
• Aggression
• Air War College
• Al Jazeera
• Al Qaeda
• Alamo, the
• Albania
• Algeria
• Allende, Salvador, Overthrow of
• Alternative Defense
• Altruism
• American Indian Wars
• American Indians
• American Revolutionary War
• Amritsar, British Massacre (1919)
• Amritsar, Massacre of Sikhs (1984)
• Anabaptists
• Anarchism
• Anglicanism
• Angola
• Animal Behavior
• Animals (Use in War)
• Anti-Personnel Landmines
• Antiwar Movements
• Apartheid
• Appeasement
• Arab-Israeli Wars
• Archaeological Perspectives on War
• Argentina
• Arlington National Cemetery
• Armenia
• Armistice Day
• Arms Races
• Arms Transfers
• Army War College
• Asian Americans
• Asymmetric War
• Atrocities in Wartime
• Attribution Error
• Australia
• Australian Defence Force Academy
• Austria
• Authoritarianism
• Authorization to Use Military Force
• B
• Bahá’í Faith
• Bahamas
• Bahrain
• Balance of Power
• Balance of Terror
• Balkan Wars
• Band of Brothers
• Bangladesh
• Baptists
• Barbados
• Battle Deaths
• Bay of Pigs
• Belarus
• Belgium
• Belize
• Benin
• Berlin Wall
• Bhutan
• Bible
• Biochemical Factors in Aggression and Violence
• Biological Weapons
• Blogs
• Bloody Sunday (Derry, Northern Ireland)
• Boer War
• Bolivia
• Borders
• Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Botswana
• Brazil
• British Empire, Wars in
• Brunei Darussalam
• Buddhism
• Bulgaria
• Bullying
• Burkina Faso
• Burundi
• C
• Cambodia
• Cameroon
• Camp Followers
• Canada
• Cape Verde
• Capitalism and War
• Carrying Capacity
• Casualties
• Catholicism, Roman
• Cemeteries
• Censorship
• Central African Republic
• Central Intelligence Agency
• Chad
• Chain of Command
• Chemical and Biological War
• Chemical and Biological Weapons, Abolition of
• Chemical Weapons
• Child Soldiers, Use of
• Children, Impact of War on
• Chile
• Chilean 9/11
• China
• Christianity
• Christmas Truce (1914)
• Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons)
• Citizen Soldiers
• Citizenship
• Civil Disobedience
• Civil Liberties and Civil Rights During Wartime
• Civil Society
• Civil War, U.S.
• Civil Wars
• Civilian Casualties
• Civilian Populations in War Zones
• Clan and Tribal War
• Clash of Civilizations
• Class
• Climate Change and Conflict
• CNN Effect
• Cognitive Dissonance
• Cold War
• Collateral Damage
• Colombia
• Colonial Borders
• Colonialism
• Colonialism, Impact of
• Combat Ban
• Combat Exhilaration and Combat Addiction
• Combat Trauma and Fatigue
• “Comfort Women” (Sex Slaves) in World War II
• Command and Control
• Commerce
• Commercial/Trade Theory of Peace
• Communism
• Competition
• Conflict Minerals
• Conflict Resolution Systems
• Confucianism
• Congo, Democratic Republic of the
• Congo, Republic of
• Conscientious Objectors
• Conscription and Mobilization of Soldiers
• Containment
• Cooperation
• Correlates of War Project
• Cosmopolitanism
• Costa Rica
• Côte d'Ivoire
• Counterinsurgency
• Covert Operations
• Crimean War
• Crimes Against Humanity
• Crisis
• Croatia
• Cuba
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Cultural Militarism
• Cultural Militarism, South Asia
• Cyber Espionage
• Cyberterrorism
• Cyberwar
• Cyprus
• Czech Republic
• D
• Dahomey Women Warriors
• D-Day
• Dead, Treatment of
• Declaration of War
• Defense Budgets
• Defense Production
• Dehumanizing the Enemy
• Demobilization
• Democracy
• Democratic Peace Theory
• Demography
• Denmark
• Dependency Theory
• Depleted Uranium Weapons
• Desensitization
• Deterrence
• Diplomacy
• Dirty War (Argentina)
• Disarmament
• Disinformation
• Distance Effect
• Djibouti
• Documentaries
• Dominican Republic
• “Don't Ask, Don't Tell”
• Doublespeak
• Draft Resistance and Draft Riots
• Drones
• Volume 2: E-L
• E
• Eastern Orthodox Church
• École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr (France)
• Ecological Causes of War
• Economic Theories of War
• Economics and Military Bases
• Ecuador
• Egypt
• Egyptian Military Academy
• El Salvador
• Embedded Reporters
• Emotional Withdrawal
• Emotions
• Empathy
• Enemy Making
• Energy Security
• Environmental Destruction and War
• Environmental Security
• Equatorial Guinea
• Eritrea
• Estonia
• Ethiopia
• Ethnic Cleansing
• Ethnocentrism
• European Military Conquests, 1500–1900
• European Union
• Evil
• Evolutionary Psychology
• Extermination Camps, World War II
• F
• Famine
• Fascism
• Fear of War
• Federal Armed Forces Universities (Germany)
• Feminist Understandings of War
• Fight-or-Flight Response
• Fiji
• Finland
• Food Security
• Football War
• Foreign Policy
• Forgiveness
• France
• French Revolutionary Wars
• G
• Gallipoli
• Gambia
• Game Theory
• Gender at Military Bases
• Gendering of War
• Genocide
• Geography of War
• Geography of War: Africa, North
• Geography of War: Africa, Sub-Saharan
• Geography of War: Asia, East
• Geography of War: Asia, South
• Geography of War: Asia, Southeast
• Geography of War: Australia and New Zealand
• Geography of War: Europe, Eastern
• Geography of War: Europe, Western
• Geography of War: North America
• Geography of War: South America
• Geopolitics
• Georgia
• Germany
• Gettysburg
• Ghana
• Global War on Terror
• Globalization
• God
• Greece, Ancient
• Greece, Ancient, Wars in
• Greece, Modern
• Grenada
• Group Absolution
• Groupthink
• Guantánamo Bay
• Guatemala
• Guernica
• Guerrilla War
• Guilt and Remorse
• Guinea
• Guinea-Bissau
• Gulf War
• Gulf War Syndrome
• Guyana
• H
• Haiti
• Hate
• Health Consequences of War
• Health Security
• Hibakusha (Atomic Bomb Survivors)
• Hinduism
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Hispanic Americans
• Holocaust
• Homeland Security
• Homosexuality and the Military
• Honduras
• Honor
• Horror of Combat
• Human Nature
• Human Rights
• Human Rights Violations and Protections
• Human Rights Watch
• Human Security
• Human Terrain System
• Humanitarian Assistance
• Hungary
• Hunter-Gatherer Societies
• Hypermasculinity
• I
• Iceland
• Idealism
• Ideology
• Imperialism
• Independence, Wars of
• India
• India, Partition of
• Indonesia
• Informal Economies
• Intent in War
• International Criminal Court
• International Law and International Courts
• Interservice Rivalries
• Intractable Conflicts
• Iran
• Iran-Iraq War
• Iraq
• Iraq War
• Ireland
• Islam, Shiite
• Islam, Sunni
• Islamic State/Daesh/ISIL/ISIS
• Isolationism
• Israel
• Italy
• J
• Jainism
• Jamaica
• Jamming Signals
• Japan
• Jihad
• Jordan
• Judaism
• Just War
• Justice, Transitional
• K
• Kazakhstan
• Kenya
• Killing, Burden of
• Killing, Societal Fascination With
• Kiribati
• Korean Military Academies
• Korean War
• Kosovo
• Kuwait
• Kyrgyzstan
• L
• Landmines
• Language and Linguistic Nonviolence
• Latvia
• Leadership in Wartime
• Leaks
• Lebanon
• Leningrad
• Lesotho
• Liberal View of Peace
• Liberia
• Libya
• Liechtenstein
• Lithuania
• “Living Room War”
• Long March, the (China)
• “Long Peace”
• Lutheranism
• Luxembourg
• Volume 3: M-R
• M
• Macedonia
• Madagascar
• Malaysia
• Maldives
• Mali
• Malta
• Māori
• Marshall Islands
• Marxist Theories of War
• Mauritania
• Mauritius
• Media Access
• Media and Dissent
• Media and War
• Media Briefings and Releases
• Medieval World, Wars in the
• Memorials and Monuments
• Mennonites
• Mercenaries
• Methodists
• Mexican-American War
• Mexico
• Micronesia
• Middle East
• Migration
• Milgram Experiments
• Militarism
• Militarism and Development
• Militarism in Education
• Military Bases, Economics and
• Military Bases, Gender at
• Military Bases, Politics and
• Military Courts and Tribunals
• Military Culture
• Military Expenditures
• Military Families, Stresses on
• Military Geography
• Military Junta
• Military Keynesianism
• Military Policing
• Military Recruitment Advertising
• Military Recruitment Strategies
• Military Schools, Secondary Level
• Military Sexual Trauma
• Military-Industrial Complex
• Minerva Research Initiative
• Modernization
• Mongolia
• Morality
• Mormons
• Morocco
• Mozambique
• Multilateral Forces
• Mumbai, India, Terrorist Attack
• My Lai
• Myanmar
• N
• Namibia
• Nanjing Massacre
• Napoleonic Wars
• Nation Building
• National Defense Academy of Japan
• National Defense University
• National Identity
• National Security
• National Security Agency
• Nationalism
• Nation-State
• Native American Wars
• Native Americans
• NATO
• Naval War College, U.S.
• Nazism
• Nepal
• Netherlands
• “New” and “Old” Wars
• New Zealand
• New Zealand (Māori) Wars
• Newsreels
• Nicaragua
• Niger
• Nigeria
• 9/11
• Nobel Peace Prize
• Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
• Nonviolent Resistance
• Norms
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• North Korea
• Norway
• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
• Nuclear Weapons, Abolition of
• Nuclear Weapons, Effects
• Nuclear Weapons, Environmental Impact of Building
• Nuclear Winter
• O
• Obedience to Authority, Milgram Experiments on
• Oil, Military Use of
• Oil and Security Policy
• Oman
• Operant Conditioning
• Opinion Polls
• Opium Wars
• Ottoman Empire
• P
• Pakistan
• Palau
• Palestine
• Panama
• Papua New Guinea
• Parades, Role of
• Paraguay
• Paramilitaries
• Partition of India
• Patriotism
• Peace Church
• Peace Education
• Peace Movements
• Peace Museums
• Peace Theories
• Peaceful Societies
• Peacekeeping
• Pearl Harbor
• Peer Pressure
• Pentagon Building
• Pentecostalism
• Peru
• Philippines
• Plaza de Mayo
• Pogroms
• Poland
• Political Economy of War
• Political Will for War
• Politics and Military Bases
• Portugal
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Postwar Reconciliation Phase
• Poverty
• Power
• Presbyterianism and Congregationalism
• Prisoner's Dilemma
• Prisoners of War, Treatment of
• Privatization and Private-Sector Military Contractors
• Professional Military Forces
• Project Camelot
• Proliferation
• Propaganda, Perception Management and
• Prostitution
• Protest Movements
• Psychological Warfare
• Psychopaths and Sociopaths in Wartime
• Public Opinion
• Punishment
• Q
• Qatar
• Quakers
• R
• Race and Ethnicity
• Rape as a Weapon of War
• Rational Choice Theory
• Rationalization and Acceptance
• Rationing and Commodity Shortages
• Realism
• Realpolitik
• Reconciliation
• Recruitment
• Refugees and Refugee Reintegration
• Regional Organizations
• Religion and War
• Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)
• Reserve Officers’ Training Corps
• Resistance Movements
• Resource Wars
• Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
• Revenge
• Revolution in Military Affairs
• Revolutions of 1830
• Revolutions of 1848
• Roman Empire
• Romania
• Rosie the Riveter
• ROTC
• Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst
• Royal Military Academy of Belgium
• Royal Military College of Canada
• Rules of Engagement
• Russia
• Russian Civil War
• Rwanda
• Volume 4: S-Z
• S
• Safe Havens
• Saint Kitts and Nevis
• Salafism and Wahhabism
• Samoa
• San Marino
• Sanctions
• Sandhurst
• Sanitization of War
• São Tomé and Príncipe
• Sarajevo, Siege of
• Saudi Arabia
• Scapegoats
• Second Track Diplomacy
• Secretary-General of the United Nations
• Security Council
• Security Dilemma
• Security Policies
• Senegal
• September 11, 2001
• Serbia and Montenegro
• Settler Colonialism
• Seville Statement on Violence
• Sexual Minorities and War
• Sexual Violence
• Seychelles
• Shadow Economy
• Sharpeville, South Africa: Protests and Shootings
• Shintoism
• Sierra Leone
• Sikhism
• Singapore
• Six-Day War
• Slavery and the Slave Trade
• Small Arms
• Smuggling
• Soccer War
• Social Constructionism
• Social Justice
• Social Learning
• Social Media
• Social Movements
• Sociobiology
• Soldier Suicides
• Solidarity
• Solomon Islands
• Somalia
• Somme, Battle of the
• South Africa
• South Sudan
• Space
• Spain
• Spanish-American War
• Sports
• Srebrenica
• Sri Lanka
• Stalingrad
• State, Concept and Formation of
• Stealth Technology
• Stockholm Syndrome
• Strategic Bombing
• Structural Violence
• Subcontracting
• Sudan
• Sufism
• Suicide Bombers
• Suriname
• Surveillance
• Surveillance: Nazi Germany
• Swaziland
• Sweden
• Switzerland
• Syria
• T
• Tajikistan
• Tanzania
• Taxation, War
• Technological Determinism
• Technology
• Television Coverage
• Territorial Disputes
• Terrorism
• Testosterone
• Tet Offensive (Vietnam)
• Thailand
• The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina
• Threat Perception
• Timor Leste
• Torture
• Total War
• Totalitarianism
• Track II Diplomacy
• Trade Relations
• Tragedy of the Commons
• Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
• Trinidad and Tobago
• Truth and Reconciliation Commissions
• Tunisia
• Turkey
• Turkmenistan
• Tuvalu
• U
• Uganda
• Ukraine
• UN Secretary-General
• Uniform Code of Military Justice
• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
• Unitarian Universalism
• United Arab Emirates
• United Kingdom
• United Nations
• United States
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• Unknown Soldiers
• Uranium Mining
• Uranium Weapons
• Uruguay
• U.S. Air Force Academy
• U.S. Air War College
• U.S. Army War College
• U.S. Coast Guard Academy
• U.S. Department of Defense
• U.S. Department of State
• U.S. Merchant Marine Academy
• U.S. Military Academy
• U.S. National Defense University
• U.S. Naval Academy
• U.S. Naval War College
• Uzbekistan
• V
• Vanuatu
• Venezuela
• Veterans of Foreign Wars
• Victims
• Vietnam
• Vietnam War
• Violence, Second-Order Effects
• Virginia Military Institute
• W
• War, Archaeological Perspectives
• War, Culture of: The United States and World War II
• War, Ecological Causes
• War, Feminist Understandings of
• War, Health Consequences of
• War, Leadership in
• War, Marxist Theories of
• War, Political Economy of
• War, Theories of
• War Correspondents
• War Crime Tribunals
• War Crimes and War Criminals
• War Movies
• War Museums
• War of 1812
• War Photography
• War Poetry
• War Posters
• War Profiteering
• War Taxes
• Warlords
• Warriors
• Wars of Independence
• Water Security
• West Point
• WikiLeaks
• Women and National Liberation Movements
• Women and Peacekeeping
• Women and the U.S. Military
• Women as Victims of War
• Women Warriors
• World Systems Theory
• World War I
• World War II
• Wounded, Treatment of
• Wounded Knee
• Y
• Yasukuni Shrine
• Yemen
• Yugoslavia
• Z
• Zambia
• Zimbabwe