This far-reaching and contemporary new Encyclopedia examines and explores the lives and experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer (LGBTQ) individuals, focusing on the contexts and forces that shape their lives. The work focuses on LGBTQ issues and identity primarily through the lenses of psychology, human development and sociology, emphasizing queer, feminist and ecological perspectives on the topic.

Table of Contents

• Volume 1
• Reader's Guide
• About the Editor
• Contributors
• Introduction
• A
• Abstinence Only Until Marriage
• Access to Health Care
• Activists in College
• Adolescent Pregnancy
• Adoption, Choices About
• Adoption, International
• Adoption, Legal Considerations in
• Adoption, Openness in
• Adoption and Foster Care Discrimination
• Adoption Type
• Adoption via the Child Welfare System
• Adults With LGBQ Parents
• Advance Health Care Planning
• Affirmative Therapy
• African American Sexualities
• Age of Consent
• Ageisms in LGBTQ Cultures
• Aging, Sex, and Sexuality
• Aging, Social Relationships, and Support
• Aging and Bisexuality
• Aging and Gay Men
• Aging and Lesbian Women
• Aging and Transgender People
• Ally Development and Programming
• Ally Experience
• American Indian Sexualities
• Antigay Ballot Initiatives (and LGBTQ Activism)
• Anxiety
• Asexuality
• Asian American/Pacific Islander Sexualities
• Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs)
• Athletes
• B
• Ballroom Scene, The
• Bear Community
• Bereavement
• Bias in the Criminal Justice System
• “Big Data” Bias in LGBTQ Research
• Binational Same-Sex Couples and Families
• Biphobia
• Bisexual Inclusion in the LGBTQ Rights Movement
• Bisexual People and Community
• Bisexualities
• Bisexuality, Female
• Bisexuality, Male
• Black Colleges
• Body Image Disturbance and Eating Disorders in LGBTQ People
• Body Modification
• Body Size and Weight
• Bondage, Dominance/Submission, Sadism/Masochism (BDSM)
• Bondage and Discipline/Domination and Submission (BDSM)
• Breast Care for Transgender People
• Bullying, Legal Protections Against
• Bullying, Rates and Effects of
• Bullying, School-Based Interventions for
• Business
• Butch-Femme
• C
• Campus Climate
• Cancer and Social Support
• Cancer in the LGBTQ Community
• Career Development and Trajectories
• Caregiving
• Catholic LGBTQ People
• Causes of Sexual Orientation
• Child Support After LGBQ Divorce/Separation
• Children With LGBQ Parents, Academic Outcomes
• Children With LGBQ Parents, Female/Male Role Models
• Children With LGBQ Parents, Gender Development and Identity
• Children With LGBQ Parents, Psychosocial Outcomes
• Children With LGBQ Parents, Sexual Identity
• Children With LGBQ Parents, Stigmatization
• Children With Transgender Parents, Psychosocial Outcomes
• Christian LGBTQ People
• Chronic Illness
• Cisgenderism
• Closet, The
• COLAGE
• College Athletes
• College Students
• Colorado Designated Beneficiary
• Coming Out, Disclosure, and Passing
• Commitment Ceremonies
• Community Climate
• Coparenting
• Corrective Rape
• Couples Therapy
• Criminal Legal System and LGBTQ People
• Cross-Category Friendships
• Cultural Dissemblance (of African Americans)
• Custody and Litigation, LGBQ Parents
• Custody Issues in Transgender Parenting
• D
• DADT
• Dating, Sexual-Minority Men
• Dating, Sexual-Minority Women
• Deciding Whether to Parent
• Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)
• Dementia
• Demographics and the LGBTQ Population
• Depression
• Developmental Aspects of Sexuality
• Developmental Disabilities
• Disabilities Among LGBTQ Elders
• Disciplinary Tensions in Studying LGBTQ Populations
• Discrimination Against LGBTQ Elders
• Discrimination Against LGBTQ People, Cost of
• Discrimination Against LGBTQ People by Law Enforcement
• Discrimination Against LGBTQ People in the Public Sector
• Discrimination on the Basis of HIV/AIDS in Health Care
• Division of Labor in LGBTQ-Parent Families
• Divorce, Legal Issues in
• Divorce and Relationship Dissolution, Psychological Experience of
• Divorce and Separation, Historical Perspective on
• DOMA
• Domestic Partnership
• Domestic Violence, Female
• Domestic Violence, Male
• Don't Ask, Don't Tell and Public Opinion
• Down Low
• Drag
• Dying, Death, and Bereavement
• E
• East Asian Sexualities
• Education
• Effeminacy
• Elder Abuse
• Embodiment
• Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA)
• Essentialist-Constructionist Debate on the Origins of Sexual Orientation
• Ethical Debates About Surrogacy
• Ethical Research With Sexual and Gender Minorities
• Evolutionary Theory
• Ex-Gay Movement
• Exotic Becomes Erotic: A Developmental Theory of Sexual Orientation
• F
• Families of Choice
• Families of Origin, Relationships With
• Fertility Tourism
• Film
• Focus Groups
• Foster Care
• Foster Parenting
• Foster Parenting, Legal Considerations in
• Fraternities and Sororities
• Freedom to Marry (and Other Marriage Equality Organizations)
• Friendships
• G
• Gaming
• Gangs
• Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network (GLSEN)
• Gay Exclusion in the U.S. Military: Evolution and Demise of Don't Ask, Don't Tell
• Gay Gentrification
• Gay Sperm Donors
• Gayborhoods
• Gaydar
• Gay–Straight Alliances (GSAs)
• Gender Binaries
• Gender Clinics
• Gender Identity and Pregnancy
• Gender Identity Discrimination as Sex Discrimination
• Gender Nonconformity, Youth
• Gender Spectrum
• Gender Transition at Work
• Genderqueer
• GLAAD
• GSAs
• Volume 2
• H
• Hate Crimes
• Health Care Plans
• Health Care Providers, Disclosure of Sexual Identity to
• Health Care System
• Health Disparities
• Health Disparities, Transgender People
• Health Insurance Coverage for Transgender People, Access to
• Heteronormativity
• Heterosexism
• Heterosexist Bias in Research
• Historically Black Colleges and Universities, LGBTQ Students at
• History of Transgender Medicine in the United States
• HIV and Treatment
• HIV/AIDS and Aging
• HIV/AIDS and Gay Masculinity
• HIV/AIDS and Racial/Ethnic Disparities
• HIV/AIDS and Social Support
• HIV/AIDS in Prison
• HIV/AIDS Treatment and Care, Psychosocial and Structural Barriers to
• Homelessness
• Home–School Partnerships in LGBTQ-Parent Families
• Homonormativity
• Homophobia
• Homophobic Language in the Peer Group
• Homosexuality, Female
• Homosexuality, Male
• Hormones and Surgery During Gender Transition
• Hospital Visitation
• Housing, Protection Against Discrimination in
• HRC
• Human Rights Campaign (HRC)
• Hypermasculinity
• I
• Immigration
• Incarceration
• Infertility and Reproductive Loss
• Intellectual Disabilities
• Intentions and Motivations to Parent
• Internalized Homophobia
• International Surrogacy/Reproductive Outsourcing
• Interracial Relationships
• Intersections Between Sex, Gender, and Sexual Identity
• Intersex Society of North America
• Intersexuality
• Intimate Partner Violence, Female
• Intimate Partner Violence, Male
• It Gets Better
• J
• Jewish LGBTQ People
• Joint Adoption
• Juvenile Justice System
• K
• Kink
• L
• Lambda Legal
• Latina/o Sexualities
• Laws Banning Homosexuality and Sodomy
• Leadership
• Leather Culture
• Legal Consciousness
• Legal Recognition of Nonmarital Same-Sex Relationships
• Legal Rights of Nonbiological Parents
• Leisure
• Lesbian “Bed Death”
• LGB Parenting Styles and Values
• LGBQ Parents, Coming Out to Children
• LGBQ Parents and the Health Care System
• LGBT Consumer Market, The
• LGBTQ Grandparenting
• LGBTQ Health in Non-Western Contexts
• LGBTQ (In)Visibility Within College Contexts
• LGBTQ Issues in K–12 Education Across Global Contexts
• LGBTQ Online Communications: Building Community Through Blogs, Vlogs, and Facebook
• LGBTQ People of Color
• LGBTQ Social Movements (Assimilation vs. Liberation)
• LGBTQ Umbrella
• LGBTQ-Parent Families With More Than Two Parents
• LGBTQ-Parent Involvement and Advocacy in Schools
• LGBT/Queer Studies Programs
• Living Arrangements of Children After LGBQ Divorce/Separation
• Long-Term Same-Sex Couples
• M
• Marriage, Reasons for and Against
• Marriage Equality, Effects on Well-Being and Relationships
• Marriage Equality, Landmark Court Decisions
• Masculinities
• Masculinity and Pregnancy
• Masculinity Stereotypes
• Media Representations of LGBTQ People
• Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM)
• Mentoring
• Methodological Decisions by Researchers of LGBTQ Populations
• Microaggressions
• Military and LGBTQ People
• Military and Transgender People
• Minority Stress
• Mixed-Orientation Marriages
• Monogamy and Non-Monogamy
• Monosexism
• Morality and Respectability
• MSM
• Multiracial LGBTQ-Parent Families
• Muslim LGB People
• N
• Naming Practices
• National Center for Lesbian Rights (NCLR)
• Native American/First Nations Sexualities
• New Family Structures Survey
• No Promo Homo Policies
• Nonbinary Genders
• Nonbiological, Nongestational Mother
• Nondiscrimination Protections, State and Local
• Nonheterosexual Children of LGBTQ Parents
• O
• Online Communications
• Online Surveys
• Origins of Heterosexuality and Nonheterosexuality
• P
• Pansexuality
• Parent Gender Transition and Intimate Relationship Changes
• Parent Relationship Quality
• Parental Well-Being
• Parent-Child Relationships
• Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays
• Partners in (Gender) Transition
• Passing
• PFLAG
• Physical Disabilities
• Physicians
• Police Officers/Law Enforcement Officials
• Policing Masculinities and Femininities
• Polyamorous Parenting
• Polyamory
• Population-Based Surveys, Collection of Data on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
• Pornography
• Posttraumatic Stress
• Poverty
• Powers of Attorney
• Prison Rape
• Professional Athletes
• Psychological Approaches to Studying LGBTQ People
• Q
• Qualitative Research
• Quantitative Research
• Queer
• Queer Anticapitalism
• Queer Ethnographies/Autoethnographies
• Queer Politics
• Queer Theory
• Queering Heteromasculinities
• Volume 3
• R
• Racialized Masculinity
• Relationships With Families Who Share the Same Donor
• Relationships With Former Spouses
• Relationships With Parents, Youth
• Relationships With Siblings, Youth
• Religion and Spirituality, Youth
• Religion/Spirituality and LGBTQ People
• Religious Freedoms and LGBTQ Rights
• Religious Identity and Sexuality, Reconciliation of
• Religious LGBTQ Youth
• Reproductive Outsourcing
• Research, Use of Large Datasets in
• Resilience and Protective Factors, Youth
• Retirement
• Romantic Friendships
• Rural and Urban Communities
• S
• Same-Sex Weddings
• Sampling
• School Choice in LGBTQ-Parent Families
• School Climate
• School Professionals’ Responses to LGBTQ Training
• School Selection
• Schools as Heteronormative Spaces
• School-to-Prison Pipeline
• Scientific Integrity, Debates About
• Second-Parent Adoption
• Self-Insemination
• Senior Living Programs and Policies
• Sense of Belonging/School Climate in LGBTQ-Parent Families
• Services and Advocacy for GLBT Elders (SAGE)
• Sex Positive Movement
• Sex Reassignment Surgery
• Sex Therapy
• Sex Work and Criminalization
• Sex Work and Prostitution, Female
• Sex Work and Prostitution, Male
• Sexology
• Sexual Addiction and Compulsions
• Sexual Agreements and Arrangements
• Sexual Attraction, Behavior, and Identity
• Sexual Compulsivity, Treatment of
• Sexual Consent
• Sexual Desire and Relationship Quality
• Sexual Education Mandates for Inclusion
• Sexual Fluidity
• Sexual Minorities and Violence
• Sexual Norms and Practices
• Sexual Orientation Among Transgender People
• Sexual Orientation Conversion Therapy
• Sexual Orientation Discrimination as Sex Discrimination
• Sexual Risk-Taking
• Sexual-Identity Labels
• Sexualities at School
• Sibling Relationships
• Single-Parent Adoption
• Sissyboy Experience
• Smoking
• Social Class
• Social Class and Sexuality, Intersections Between
• Social Media, Use for Recruitment
• Sororities and Fraternities
• Spatial/Social Location of LGBT Persons
• Sperm Donor, Choosing a
• Sperm Donor Selection and Race/Ethnicity
• Sperm Donors, Known
• Sperm Donors, Unknown
• Sperm Donors’ Involvement in Children's Lives
• Sports, Sexual-Minority Men in
• Sports, Sexual-Minority Women in
• Stealth (Transgender Passing)
• Stepfamily Division of Labor and Money Management
• Stepfamily Family Functioning and Relationship Stability
• Stonewall
• Strategic Disclosure
• Substance Abuse and LGBTQ People
• Substance Abuse Treatment and Recovery
• Substance Abuse/Dependence and Transgender People
• Substance Use, Youth
• Suicide, Effects on Family and Friends
• Suicide, Risk Factors for and Prevention of
• Support Groups and Resources
• Surrogacy
• Surrogacy, Legal Considerations of
• T
• Theories of Sexual Orientation
• Therapists, Training of
• Therapists’ Biases Regarding LGBTQ People
• Therapy With Children of LGBQ Parents
• Therapy With Families During and After Parental Gender Transition
• Therapy With LGBTQ Parents
• Therapy With LGBTQ Youth
• Therapy With Transgender, Transsexual, and Gender-Nonconforming People
• Therapy With Transgender Individuals: Mental Health Considerations
• Tomboy Experience
• Training of Teachers in LGBQ Sensitivity and Competence
• Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Individuals and Bathrooms
• Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Youth and the Legal System
• Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Youth of Color
• Transgender Ethnographies
• Transgender Geographies
• Transgender Health Care
• Transgender Identities
• Transgender Inclusion in the LGBTQ Rights Movement
• Transgender Inclusion on College Campuses
• Transgender Inmates
• Transgender Medicine
• Transgender Parents and Well-Being
• Transgender People and Binding, Tucking, and Packing
• Transgender People and Division of Labor
• Transgender People and Religion/Spirituality
• Transgender People and Violence
• Transgender Sexualities
• Transgender Students: Access to Sex-Segregated Facilities and Programs
• Transgender Youth and Cross-Sex Hormones
• Transgender Youth and Family Relationships
• Transgender Youth and Puberty Suppression
• Transgender Youth and Well-Being
• Transition to Parenthood and Parental Roles
• Transition to Parenthood for LGBTQ People
• Transphobia
• Transracial Versus Inracial Adoption
• Trevor Project, The
• V
• Vaginoplasty for Transgender Women
• Veterans
• Violence and Victimization of Youth
• Visual Arts
• W
• Wills and Trusts
• Work Environments
• Work-Family Interface, LGBQ Parents
• Workplace Discrimination
• Workplace Friendships
• Workplace Policies
• Workplace Relationships
• World Professional Association for Transgender Health
• WPATH
• Y
• Youth and Dating
• Appendix: Organizations and Publications Providing Resources on LGBTQ Studies