The Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies has provided students and the general public alike with a gateway into the study of intercultural communication, public relations and marketing communications since 1984. In this 9th edition, James Watson and Anne Hill provide a detailed compendium of the different facets of personal, group, mass-media and internet communication that continues to be a vital source of information for all those interested in how communication affects our lives.

Table of Contents

• About the Authors
• Preface to the 9th edition
• A checklist for use
• Acknowledgements
• Abbreviations: A selection
• Topic guide
• A
• AA-certificate, A-certificate
• Aberrant decoding
• Abstraction, ladder of
• ABX model of communication
• Accent
• Accessed voices
• Accommodation, politics of
• Accountability of media
• Acculturation, deculturation
• Action code
• Active-audience thesis
• Active participation
• Activism
• Actuality
• Actualization
• Adaptors
• Advertising
• Advertising: ambient advertising
• Advertising boycotts
• Advertising: Internet advertising
• Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) UK
• Advertising: targeted advertising
• Aesthetic Code
• Affect displays
• Affective
• Agenda-setting
• Agenda-setting research
• Agitprop
• Agora
• AIDA model
• Alexandra Palace
• Alienation
• Alignment
• al-Jazeera
• Alleyne's news revolution model, 1997
• Allness attitude
• Allusion
• Alternative computing
• Alternative (radical) media
• Amazon.com
• Amplitude
• Analysis: modes of media analysis
• Anarchist cinema
• Anchorage
• Andersch, Staats and Bostrom's model of communication, 1969
• Anecdote
• Animatic
• Animation
• Annan Commission Report on Broadcasting, 1977
• Anomie
• Anticipatory compliance
• Anti-language
• Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act (UK), 2001
• Apache silence
• Apocryphal stories
• App
• Apple Macintosh
• Arbitrariness
• ‘Areopagitica’
• Article 19
• Assertiveness
• Attention model of mass communication
• Attitudes
• Attribute dimensions of agenda-setting
• Attribution theory
• Audience
• Audience: active audience
• Audience: fragmentation of
• Audience differentiation
• Audience measurement
• Audience needs
• Autocue
• Avaaz
• Avant-garde
• B
• Bad language
• Back region, front region
• Balanced programming
• Ball-Rokeach and DeFleur's dependency model of mass communication effects, 1976
• Band-wagon effect
• Bandwidth
• BARB
• Barnlund's transactional models of communication, 1970
• Barrier signals
• Basic needs
• Bass's ‘double action’ model of ­internal news flow, 1969
• Baton signal
• British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC): origins
• BBC
• BBC digital
• BBC iPlayer
• BBC Worldwide
• BBC Written Archives
• Becker's mosaic model of communication, 1968
• Behavioural cues
• Behavioural targeting
• Behaviourism
• Berlo's SMCR model of communication, 1960
• Berlusconi phenomenon
• Bernstein's wheel, 1984
• Beveridge Committee Report on Broadcasting, 1950
• Bias, biased
• Big Data
• Bigotry
• Binary opposition
• Black English
• Blacklisting
• Biometrics
• Blogging
• Blogosphere
• Body language
• Body of European Regulators in Electronic Communications (BEREC)
• Boomerang effect
• Boomerang response
• B-Picture
• Brand
• Breakup model of audience fragmentation
• Bricolage
• British Black English
• British Board of Film Censors (BBFC)
• British Broadcasting Company/British Broadcasting Corporation
• British Film Institute (BFI)
• British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB)
• Broadband
• Broadcast and narrowcast codes
• Broadcasting
• Broadcasting Act (UK), 1980
• Broadcasting Act (UK), 1990
• Broadcasting Act (UK), 1996
• Broadcasting Code (UK)
• Broadcasting legislation (UK)
• Broadcasting research
• Broadsheet
• BSkyB
• Butler Report (UK), 2004
• Byline
• C
• Cable and Broadcasting Act (UK), 1984
• Cable television
• Cahiers du Cinéma
• Calcutt Committee Reports on Privacy and Related Matters, 1990 and 1993
• Camera
• Camera obscura
• Campaign
• Campaign for Press and Broadcasting ­Freedom
• Campaigning
• Captive audience advertising
• Cards
• Caricature
• Cartoons
• Catch-up TV
• Catalyst effect
• Catharsis
• CCTV: Closed-circuit television
• Celebrity
• Cellular radio
• Censorship
• Centrality
• Certification of films (UK)
• Chamberlain, Lord
• Channel
• Channel capacity
• Channel 4 (UK)
• Channel 5 (UK)
• Chapultepec, Declaration of, 1994
• Characteristics of mass communications
• Chequebook journalism
• Chronology
• Churnalism
• Cigarette cards: cultural indicators
• Cine-clubs
• Cinema
• CinemaScope
• Cinématographie
• Cinematography, origins
• Cinéma vérité
• Cinerama
• Circumvention tools
• Citizen journalism
• Civil inattention
• Clash of Civilizations
• Clapper board
• Claptrap
• Class
• Classic FM
• Climate of opinion
• Climate of compliance
• Climax order
• Clipper chip
• Clique
• Closed text
• Closure
• Cloud computing
• Cocktail party problem
• Code of broadcasting (UK)
• Codes of advertising practice
• Code of semes
• Codes
• Codes of narrative
• Cognitive (and affective)
• Cognitive capture
• Cognitive Consistency theories
• Cognitive dissonance
• Cold media, hot media
• Collocation
• Collodion or wet-plate process
• Colloquialism
• Colonization
• Comic impetus
• Comics
• Commanders of the social order
• Commercial confidentiality
• Commercial Laissez Faire model
• Commercial radio: origins
• Commissions/committees on the media
• Common sense
• Commons knowledge
• Communication
• Communication: intercultural communication
• Communication, functions
• Communication integration
• Communication, interpersonal
• Communication, intrapersonal
• Communication: mobile concept of
• Communication models
• Communication, non-verbal (NVC)
• Communication postulates
• Communications Act (UK), 2003
• Communications conglomerates
• Communications Decency Act (US)
• Communication theory
• Communication workers
• Communicative rationality
• Communicology
• Community radio
• Compassion fatigue
• Competence
• Compliance
• Compliance, climate of
• Compliance, identification and internalization
• Complicity of users
• Compression technology
• Computer
• Computing: cloud computing
• Conative function of communication
• Concurrence-seeking tendency
• Confederates
• Confirmation/disconfirmation
• Conglomerates: media conglomerates
• Connotation
• Consensus
• Consent, manufacture of
• Consistency
• Consonance, hypothesis of
• Conspiracy of silence
• Contiguity
• Constituency
• Consumerization
• Consumer sovereignty
• Consumption behaviour
• Contagion effect
• Content analysis
• Control group
• Control of the media
• Conventions
• Convergence
• Conversational styles
• Co-orientation approach
• Copycat effect
• Copyrighting culture
• Core nations, peripheral nations
• Corporate speech
• Corporations and media
• Cosmopolite and localite channels
• Cosmopoliteness
• Costeja Ruling
• Couch potato
• Counterculture
• Countermodernization
• Coups and earthquakes syndrome
• Creole
• Crimes of self-publicity
• Crisis definition
• Critical news analysis
• Cropping
• Cross-media ownership
• Crowdsourcing or Crowdfunding
• Cryptography
• Cues
• Cultivation
• Cultural apparatus
• Cultural capital
• Cultural Indicators research project
• Cultural industry
• Cultural memory
• Cultural metaphor
• Cultural modes
• Cultural or citizen rights and the media
• Cultural racism
• Culture
• Culture: consumer culture
• Culture: copyrighting culture
• Culture: globalization of
• Culture: intercultural communication
• Culture jamming
• Culture of deference
• Culture: popular culture
• Cultures of organizations
• Custom audience research
• Cybernetics
• Cyberspace
• Cylinder or rotary press
• D
• DAB: Digital Audio Broadcasting
• DA (Defence Advisory) Notices
• Daguerreotype
• Dance's helical model of communication, 1967
• Data footprint
• Data mining
• Data protection
• Data Protection Principles
• Decency: Communications Decency Act, 1996
• Decisive moment
• Declaration on the Mass Media (UNESCO General Council, 1978)
• Decode
• Deconstruction
• Decreolization
• Deep Dish TV
• Deep focus
• Deep structure
• Deep throat
• Defamation
• Defensive communication
• Deference, culture of
• Deliberative listening
• Democracy and the media
• Democratization
• Demographic analysis
• Demonization
• Demotic turn
• Denotation
• Dependency theory
• Deregulation
• Deregulation, five myths of
• Desensitization
• Detachment, ideology of
• Determiner deletion
• Determinism
• Developmental news
• Deviance
• Deviant
• Diachronic linguistics
• Dialect
• Diary stories
• Diffusion
• Digital activism
• Digital Economy Act (UK), 2010
• Digital natives, digital immigrants
• Digital optimism
• Digitization
• Digital retouching
• Digital video disc (DVD)
• Direct cinema
• Disconfirmation
• Discourse
• Discourse analysis
• Discourse of power
• Discursive communication
• Discursive contestation
• Discursive gap
• Disempowerment
• Disenfranchisement (of readership)
• Disinformation
• Displacement effect
• Disqualifying communication
• Dissolve
• Dissonance
• Distributed denial of service (DoS)
• Diversification
• D-Notices
• Documentary
• Dolly
• Domestication of the foreign
• Dominant culture
• Dominant discourse
• Dominant, subordinate, radical
• Double exposure
• Doughnut principle
• Downloading
• Dramadoc
• Drama: television drama
• Drama: web or online drama
• Dress
• Dry-run
• Dub, dubbing
• Duopoly
• DVD
• DVD games
• Dyad
• Dynamic mediation
• E
• Eady Plan, Eady Levy
• e-book
• Echelon
• Echo chamber effect
• Effects of the mass media
• Eisenberg's model of communication and identity, 2001
• Elaborated and Restricted Codes
• Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)
• Electronic mail: email
• Elite
• Ellul's theory of technique
• Email
• Emancipatory use of the media
• Embargo
• Embedded reporters
• Emblem
• Emotive language
• Empathetic listening
• Empathy
• Empirical
• Empowerment
• Encode
• Encrypt
• Enculturation
• Enigma code
• Entropy
• Ephemera
• EPISTLE
• Establishing shot
• Establishment
• Ethnic
• Ethnocentrism
• Ethnographic approach to audience research
• Ethnophaulisms
• Ethnorelativism
• Ethos
• Euphemism
• Euronet
• European Community and media: ‘Television without frontiers’
• Europe: cross-border TV channels
• Event
• Event: Americanizing of
• Excorporation
• Exnomination
• Exotica
• Expectation, horizons of
• Expectations
• Experimental group
• Extracted information
• Extrapersonal communication
• Eye contact and gaze
• F
• Facebook
• Facework
• Facial expression
• Facsimile
• Faction
• Fade in
• Fairness Doctrine (USA)
• Fatwa
• Fax
• Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
• Feedback
• Feminism
• Fibre-optic technology
• Fiction values
• Film
• Film censorship
• Film noir
• First Amendment (US, 1791)
• First impressions
• Five filters of the news process
• Five myths of deregulation
• Flak
• Flashback
• Flat earth news
• Fleet Street
• Flickr
• Flow
• Fly on the wall
• Focus groups
• Foe creation
• Folk culture
• Folk devils
• Footage
• Footprint
• Four stages in audience fragmentation
• Fourteen-Day Rule (UK)
• Fourth Estate
• Fragmentation of audience
• Framing: interpersonal
• Framing: media
• Franchise
• Franchises for Independent Television (UK)
• Frankfurt school of theorists
• Freedom of Information Act (UK), 2005
• Frequency
• Front
• Front region, back region
• Functionalist (mode of media analysis)
• Functions of communication
• Functions of mass media
• G
• Gagging order
• Galtung and Ruge's model of selective gatekeeping, 1965
• Games
• Gatekeeping
• Gender
• Gender and media monitoring
• Gendered genre
• Genderlects
• Gender signals
• Genre
• Gerbner's model of communication, 1956
• Gestural dance
• Gestural echo
• Gesture
• Ghost-writer
• Glasgow University Media Group
• Glasnost
• Globalization (and the media)
• Globalization: three engines of
• Global media system: the main players
• Global scrutiny
• Global village
• Glocalization
• Golden pen of freedom
• Google
• Gossip
• Gossip networks
• Gramophone
• Grip
• Groups
• Groupthink
• Grub Street
• Grunig and Hunt: four models of public relations practice, 1984
• Guard dog metaphor
• Guide signs
• H
• Habitus
• Hacker, hacktivist
• Halo effect
• Hammocking
• Hankey Committee Report on Television, 1943
• Hard times scenario
• Harmonious interaction
• Hays Office
• Head nods
• Hearsay
• Hedges
• Hegemony
• Helical model of communication
• Heliological metaphor
• He/man language
• Herman and Chomsky's propaganda model
• Hermeneutic code
• Hermeneutics
• Heterophily
• Hidden agenda
• Hidden needs
• Hierarchy
• High and low context communication
• Highbrow
• High fidelity
• High-speed photography
• Historical allusion
• Historical revisionism
• Hollywood
• Holography
• Home Service
• Homo narrans
• Homophily
• Horizons of expectation
• Horizontal integration
• Horse-race story
• Hot buttons
• Hot media, cold media
• HUAC: House Un-American Activities Committee
• Huffington Post
• Human Rights Act (UK), 2000
• Human Rights Watch
• Hunt Committee Report on Cable Expansion and Broadcasting Policy (UK), 1982
• Hutton Report (UK), 2004
• Hybridization
• Hyperreality
• Hypertext
• Hyphenized abridgement
• Hypodermic needle model of communication
• Hypothesis
• Hypothesis of consonance
• I
• Icelandic Modern Media Initiative (IMMI)
• Iconic
• Id, ego, super-ego
• Ideational functions of language
• Identification
• Identity
• Idents
• Ideological presumption
• Ideological state apparatuses
• Ideology
• Ideology of detachment
• Ideology of romance
• Ideology of silence
• Idiolect
• Idiot salutations
• Image
• Image, rhetoric of
• IMAX
• Immediacy
• Immersive technology
• Impact of the mass media
• Impartiality
• Imperialism in information systems
• Implication
• Impression management
• Independent Television (ITV), UK
• Index
• Index as a sign
• Indicators
• Inductive reasoning
• Indymedia
• Inference
• Inflection
• Influence of the mass media
• Info-rich, info-poor
• Information blizzards
• Information commons
• Information gaps
• Information society
• Information suburbs
• Information surplus
• Information technology (IT)
• Information Technology Advisory Panel (ITAP) Report on Cable Systems
• Infotainment
• Inheritance factor
• Inner-outer directed
• Inoculation effect
• Insert shot
• Instagram
• Institution
• Insult signals
• Integrateds
• Integration
• Integration: vertical and horizontal
• Integrity of the text
• Intellectual property
• Intensity
• Interaction
• Interaction Process Analysis, 1950
• Interactive television
• Intercultural communication
• Internal credits
• Internalization
• Internationalization of Media Studies
• International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems Report, 1980
• International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)
• International Law Enforcement Telecommunications Seminar (ILETS)
• International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC)
• Internet
• Internet: denial of service (DoS)
• Internet: monitoring of content
• Internet: wireless Internet
• Interpersonal communication
• Interpretant
• Intertextuality
• Intervening variables (IVS)
• Intervention
• Interviews
• Intrapersonal communication
• Investigatory Powers Act (RIPA) (UK), 2000
• Invisibility
• Involvement
• Issue proponents
• Issues
• ITV (UK)
• J
• J-Curve
• Jakobson's model of communication, 1958
• Jargon
• JICNARS scale
• Jingoism
• Johari Window
• Journalese
• Journalism
• Journalism: celebrity journalism
• Journalism: citizen journalism
• Journalism: data journalism
• Journalism: drone journalism
• Journalism: investigative journalism
• Journalism: participatory journalism
• Journalism: phone-hacking, the News of the World scandal
• K
• Katz and Lazarsfeld's two-step flow model of mass communication and personal influence
• Kepplinger and Habermeier's Events Typology
• Kernal and satellite
• Kindle
• Kineme
• Kinesics
• Kinetoscope
• ‘Kite’ co-orientation approach
• Knowns, unknowns
• KPFA Radio
• Kuleshov effect
• Kuuki
• L
• Label libel
• Labelling process (and the media)
• Language
• Language pollution
• Langue and parole
• Lasswell's model of communication, 1948
• Latitudes of acceptance and rejection
• Laugh track
• Law of minimal effects
• LBC: London Broadcasting Corporation
• Leadership
• Leakage
• Leaks
• Legislation
• Legitimation/delegitimation
• Leveson Inquiry and Report (2011–12)
• Lexis
• Libel
• ‘Libel tourism’
• Liberal Press theory
• Life positions
• Lifestyle
• Light Programme
• Lindup Committee Report on Data Protection, 1978
• Linguistic determinism
• Linguistics
• Linotype printing
• Listening
• Lithography
• Lloyd's List
• Lobbying
• Lobby Practice
• Localization
• Looking behaviour
• Lookism
• Loony Leftism
• Lord Chamberlain (UK)
• Lowbrow
• LP
• M
• MacBride Commission
• Machinery of representation
• Magnum
• Mainstreaming
• Male-as-norm
• Maletzke's model of the mass communication process, 1963
• Malware
• Manning Case
• Manufacture of consent
• March of Time
• Marginality
• Marketing
• Market liberalism
• Market research
• Market threshold
• Marxist (mode of media analysis)
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs
• Mass communication
• Massification
• Mass manipulative model of (media) communication
• Mass media
• Mass media effects
• Mass Observation
• Mass self-communication
• Mathematical theory of communication
• Max Headroom
• McCombs and Shaw's agenda-setting model of media effects, 1976
• McGuffin
• McLeod and Chaffee's ‘kite’ model, 1973
• McLuhanism
• McNelly's model of news flow, 1959
• McQuail's accountability of media model, 1997
• McQuail's four stages of audience fragmentation, 1997
• Meaning
• Meaning systems
• ‘Mean world’ syndrome
• Media accountability
• Media activism
• Media control
• Mediacy
• Media effects
• Media: hot and cold
• Media imperialism
• Media moguls: four sources of concern
• Media-Most
• Media: new media
• Mediapolis
• Media research centres
• Mediasphere
• Media Studies: the internationalization of Media Studies
• Media technology
• Media theory: purpose and uses
• Mediation
• Mediatization
• Media user ethics
• Media workers
• Medio communication
• Medium
• Medium is the message
• Message
• Metamessage
• Metaphor
• Metasignal
• Metonymy
• Microsoft Windows
• Micro-myth, macro-myth
• Milieu
• Milton's paradox
• Mimetic/semiosic planes
• Minneapolis City Council inquiry into pornography
• Minority Report of Mr Selwyn Lloyd
• Miracle of Fleet Street
• Misinformed society
• Mix, mixing
• Mobile concept of communication
• Mobile phone
• Mobilization
• Modality
• Model
• Modem
• Modes of media analysis
• Monofunctional
• Monopoly, four scandals of
• Monotype printing
• Monroe motivated sequence
• Montage
• Moral economy
• Moral entrepreneurs
• Moral panics and the media
• Moral rights (in a text)
• Mores
• Morphing
• Morphology
• Morse Code
• Mother tongue
• Motion capture
• Motivation
• Motivation research (MR)
• MP3, MP4
• Mr Gate
• M-time, P-time
• MTV
• Multi-actuality
• Multicultural London English (MLE)
• Multiplane
• Multiple image
• Multiplier effect
• Murdoch effect
• Musical: film musical
• Music Television
• Myspace
• Mystification
• Myth
• Myths of deregulation
• N
• Narcotizing dysfunction
• Narration
• Narrative
• Narrative codes
• Narrative: kernel and satellite
• Narrative paradigm
• Narratives: grand narratives
• Narrowcasting
• National Film Archive (UK)
• Naturalistic illusion (of television)
• Necessity, supervening social necessity (technology)
• Needs
• Negative news values
• Negativization
• Negotiated code
• Neo-liberalism
• Neologism
• Net
• Netizens
• Network
• Network neutrality
• Neuromarketing
• Newcomb's ABX model of communication, 1953
• New media
• News
• News agencies
• News Aid?
• News: audience evaluation, six dimensions of
• News: audience for news
• News consensus
• News Corp
• News elements: breaking, explanatory, deep background
• News: flat earth news
• News frameworks
• News, globalization of
• News-literate
• News management
• News management in times of war
• Newspaper price wars
• Newspapers, origins (UK/US)
• Newspeak
• News: public relations news (PRN)
• News: rage inducement
• Newsreel
• News selection
• News: structure of reassurance
• News: the ‘maleness’ of news?
• News values
• News waves
• New visibility
• New Wave
• N-Gen
• ‘Niche’ audiences
• Nickelodeon
• Nielsen ratings
• Nine American lifestyles
• Noelle-Neumann's spiral of silence model of public opinion, 1974
• Noise
• Non-verbal behaviour: repertoire
• Non-verbal communication
• Non-verbal vocalizations
• Normative theories of mass media
• Norms
• Northcliffe revolution
• N-step theory
• Nudge
• NVC
• O
• Object
• Objectivity
• Object language
• Obscene signals
• Obsolescence
• O'Dwyer case
• Oeuvre
• Ofcom: Office of Communications (UK)
• Official Secrets Act (UK)
• Oligopolization
• Omnimax
• One-step, two-step, multi-step flow models of communication
• Online campaigning
• Online drama
• Onomatopoeia
• Open, closed texts
• Open-source
• Opera omnia
• Opinion leader
• Opinion poll
• Oppositional code
• Optical fibre cable
• Opus
• Oral culture
• Orality: primary and secondary
• Order, visions of
• Orphan work
• Organization cultures
• Ordinariness
• Orientalism
• Orientation
• Other
• Outer-inner directed
• Overhearing
• Overkill signals
• Ownership and control of mass media
• Oz Trial
• P
• Packaging
• Panopticon gaze
• Paparazzo
• Paradigm (paradigmic)
• Paradigms of the media
• Paralanguage
• Parental Guidance (PG)
• Participant observation
• Partisan
• Participatory journalism
• Passivity
• Patch
• Paternity of the text
• Patriarchy
• Patriot Act (US), 2001
• Pauper press
• Paywall
• PeaceNet
• ‘Pencil of Nature’
• People's Communication Charter
• Perception
• Performance
• Performativity
• Performance capture
• Performatives
• Periodicity
• Persistence of vision
• Persona
• Personal idiom
• Personal space
• Personalization
• Personalization, involvement, contiguity, ‘kick-outs’
• PEST
• Phatic (language)
• Phoneme
• Phone-tapping
• Phonetics
• Phonodisc
• Phonograph
• Phonology
• Photographic negativization
• Photography, origins
• Photogravure
• Photojournalism
• Photomontage
• Phototypesetting
• Phillis Review of Government Communications (UK), 2004
• Picture postcards
• Pidgin
• Piggybacking
• PIE chart
• Pilkington Committee Report on Broadcasting (UK), 1962
• Pilot study
• Pinterest
• Pirate radio
• Pistolgraph
• Plagiarism
• Plasticity: neuroplasticity and the ­Internet
• Play theory of mass communication
• Pleasure: active and reactive
• Pluralism, pluralist
• Podcasting
• Polarization
• Politics of accommodation (in the media)
• Polysemy
• Pool system
• Poor Man's Guardian
• Popular culture
• Populism
• Pornography
• Postcards
• Postcolonial theory
• Posters
• Postmodernism
• Post-synchronization
• Postulates of communication
• Postural echo
• Posture
• Power
• Power elite
• PR
• Pragmatics
• Predatory pricing
• Preferred reading
• Prejudice
• Press
• Press barons
• Press commissions
• Press Complaints Commission (UK)
• Pressure groups
• Primacy, the law of
• Primary groups
• Primary, secondary definers
• Primary, secondary texts
• Prime time
• Printing
• Prior restraint
• Privacy
• Privatization
• Pro-con, con-pro
• Producer choice
• Product placement
• Produser, Produsage
• Profane language
• Professionalization (of political communication)
• Programme flow
• Proiaretic code
• Projection
• Projection of pictures
• Project of self
• Prolefeed
• Propaganda
• Propaganda model of mass communication
• Property: intellectual property
• Propinquity
• Propp's people
• ProPublica
• Prosodic signals
• Proxemics
• PR: Public relations
• PSB (Public Service Broadcasting)
• Pseudo-context
• PSI
• Psychographic analysis
• Psycholinguistics
• Psychology
• Psychological Reactance theory
• Psyops
• Public Affairs
• Public cues
• Public Interest Disclosure Act (UK), 1999
• Public Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic
• Public opinion
• Public radio
• Public relations news (PRN)
• Public relations (PR)
• Publics
• Public service broadcasting (PSB)
• Public sphere
• Pulitzer prizes for journalism
• Q
• Quadrophony
• Quality press
• Queer theory
• Questionnaires
• QWERTY
• R
• Rachel's Law
• Racism
• Radical press
• Radical suppression of potential (technology)
• Radio
• Radio ballads
• Radio broadcasting
• ‘Radio Death’
• Radio drama
• Radio: Independent radio; Radio Luxembourg; Radio Normandy
• Radio Northsea
• Radio 1, Radio 2, Radio 3, Radio 4, Radio 5 Live (BBC), Radio 6
• Radio ‘shock-jocks’
• Random sample
• Ratings
• Reaction shot
• Readership
• Reading
• Realism
• Reality TV
• Received Pronunciation (RP)
• Receiver
• Recency effect
• Reception studies
• Reconfiguration; remediation
• Record player
• Redundancy
• Referent
• Referential code
• Reflexivity
• Refutation
• Register
• Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (RIPA) (UK), 2000
• Regulatory favours
• Reinforcement
• Reithian
• Relationship marketing
• Relic gestures
• Remediation; reconfiguration
• Repertoire of non-verbal behaviour
• Reporters: embedded reporters
• Reporters Without Borders (Reporters Sans Frontières)
• Report-talk, rapport-talk
• Representation
• Representation, machinery of
• Representative sample
• Repressive state apparatus
• Repressive use of the media
• Resistance (of audience to media)
• Resistive reading
• Resonance
• Rhetoric
• Rhetoric of the image
• Rhetoric of numbers
• Right of reply
• Rights and the media
• Right to be forgotten
• Riley and Riley's model of mass communication, 1959
• RIPA
• Rogers and Dearing's agenda-setting model, 1987
• Roles
• Role model
• Rotary press
• Royal Commissions on the media
• Rumour
• Running story
• Rushdie affair
• Rushes
• S
• Salience
• Salon discourse
• Salutation display
• Samizdat
• Sampling
• Sapir-Whorf linguistic relativity hypothesis
• Satellite transmission
• Scheduling
• Schema (plural, schemata)
• Schramm's models of communication, 1954
• Scripts
• Secondary viewing
• Segmentation
• Selective exposure
• Self-actualization
• Self-concept
• Self-disclosure
• Self-fulfilling prophecy
• Self-identity
• Self-image
• Self-monitoring
• Self-presentation
• Self-publishing
• Self-regulation (the press)
• Self-to-Self model of interpersonal communication, 2007
• Selsdon Committee Report on Television (UK), 1935
• Semantic code
• Semantic differential
• Semantics
• Semiology/semiotics
• Semiosic plane
• Semiotic power
• Sender/receiver
• Sensitization
• Sentence meaning, utterance meaning
• Set
• Sexism
• S4C
• Shadowing
• Shannon and Weaver's model of communication, 1949
• Shawcross Commission Report on the Press (UK), 1962
• ‘Shock-jocks’
• Shortfall signals
• Showbusiness, age of
• Sign
• Signal
• Significant others
• Significant symbolizers
• Signification
• Signification spiral
• Significs
• Silence
• Silence, spiral of
• Sipdis (secret Internet protocol router network distribution)
• Sitcom
• Site
• Situational proprieties
• S-IV-R model of communication
• Slander
• Slang
• SLAPPS
• Sleeper effect
• Slider
• Slow-drip
• Slow motion
• Smart mobs
• Smartphone
• SMCR model of communication
• Smiling professions
• Snapshot
• Snowden disclosures
• Soap opera
• Soaps: docu-soaps
• Social action (mode of media analysis)
• Social action broadcasting
• Social anthropology
• Social class
• Social influence theory
• Socialization
• Social lubricators
• Social media
• Socially unattached intelligentsia
• Social perception
• Social system
• Societally conscious
• Sociolinguistics
• Sociology
• Sociometrics (and media analysis)
• Sokal Hoax, or Sokal Scandal
• Sound bite
• Sound broadcasting
• Sound Broadcasting Act (UK), 1972
• Sound, synchronous
• Source
• Source domination
• Spatial behaviour
• Spatial zones
• Special effects (SFX)
• Speed photography
• Spin: spin doctor
• Spiral of silence
• Spiral model of communication
• Spoiler
• Sponsorship
• Sponsorship of broadcast programmes (UK)
• Spotify
• Spot news
• Sputnik
• Spycatcher case
• Stages in audience fragmentation
• Stakeholders
• Stamp Duty
• Standards and practice in advertising
• Status
• Status quo
• Stereophonic sound
• Stereoscopy
• Stereotype
• Stigma
• Stopwatch culture
• Storyboard
• Storyness
• Strategic silence
• Strategy
• Streaming
• Street view (Google Maps)
• Stringer
• Structuralism
• Style
• Subculture
• Subliminal
• Subtitle
• Super-injunction
• Supervening social necessity
• Surround
• Surveillance
• Surveillance society
• SWOT
• Sykes Committee Report on Broadcasting, 1923
• Symbol
• ‘Symbolic annihilation of women’ (by the media)
• Symbolic code
• Symbolic convergence theory
• Symbolic interactionism
• Symmetry, strain towards
• Synchronic linguistics
• Synchronous sound
• Synergy
• Syntactics
• Syntagm
• Syntax
• T
• Tabloid, tabloidese, tabloidization
• Tactics and strategies
• Tag
• Tag questions
• Take
• Talkies
• Talloires Declaration, 1981
• Tamizdat
• Taste
• Taxes on knowledge
• Taxonomic conquistadors
• Technique: Ellul's theory of technique
• Technological determinism
• Technology: the consumerization of technology
• Telecommunication
• Teledemocracy
• Telegenic
• Telegraphy
• Telematics
• Telephone
• Telephone tapping
• Teletext
• Television
• Television Act (UK), 1954
• Television broadcasting
• Television: catch-up TV
• Television drama
• Television news: inherent limitations
• ‘Television without frontiers’
• Telstar
• Ten commandments for media consumers
• Tenth art
• Terrestrial broadcasting
• Territoriality
• Terrorism: anti-terrorism legislation
• Terrorism as communication
• Text
• Text: integrity of the text
• Texts
• Text: tertiary text
• Theatre censorship
• Theories and concepts of communication
• 38 Degrees
• Three-dimensional (3D)
• Third-person effect
• Tie-signs
• Tumblr
• Time-lapse photography
• Time-shift viewing
• Tor
• Touch
• Tracks
• Traffic data
• Transactional analysis
• Transculturation
• Transmission model of mass communication
• Trigger events
• Truth, visualization of
• TV: catch-up TV
• TV: independent producers
• Twitter
• Two-step flow model of communication
• Typewriter
• U
• U-certificate
• UK Gold
• Ullswater Committee Report on Broadcasting, 1936
• Ultra-violet/fluorescent photography
• Underground press
• Unitary, pluralist, core-periphery, breakup models of audience fragmentation
• Universality
• USA – Patriot Act, 2001
• Uses and gratifications theory
• Utterance meaning
• V
• VALS typology
• Values
• Vamp
• V-discs
• Verbal devices in speech-making
• Video
• Video/DVD games
• Video nasties
• Video Recordings Acts (UK), 1984, 2010
• Viewers: light, medium and heavy
• Violence and the media
• Virtual reality
• Visibility, invisibility
• Visions of order
• Vitaphone
• Vlog
• Vocal cues
• Voiceover
• Vox popping
• W
• War of the Worlds
• War: four stages of war reporting
• War of the Unstamped
• Watchdogs
• Watergate
• Web or online drama
• Web radio
• Web 2.0
• Web: World Wide Web (www)
• Wedom, Theydom
• Wesley and MacLean's model of communication, 1957
• Western
• Westernization of Media Studies
• Westerstähl and Johansson's model of news factors in foreign news, 1994
• Westminster view
• Whistle-blowing
• White's gatekeeper model, 1950
• White space technology
• Wi-fi
• Wikileaks
• Wiki, Wikipedia
• Windows
• Wireless network
• Wireless telegraphy
• Wireless Telegraphy Act (UK), 1904
• Workers in communications and media
• World Trade Organization (WTO) Telecommunications Agreement, 1997
• X
• X-certificate
• Xerography
• Xenophobia
• Y
• Yahoo!
• Yamousoukrou declaration
• Yaros's ‘PICK’ model for multimedia news, 2009
• Yellow journalism
• Yellow Kid
• Youth culture
• YouTube
• Z
• Zapping, zipping
• Zinoviev letter, 1924
• Zircon affair
• Zoetrope
• Zones
• Zoopraxography
• A chronology of media events