Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine is aimed at people in related fields, health care professionals, physiotherapists, trainers, students, informed athletes and interested laypersons. It covers all aspects within the full range of modern exercise medicine of each particular scientific discipline (cancer, parasitology, aging, etc.).

Table of Contents

• Preface
• List of Contributors
• A
• αB crystalline
• Abnormal Cardiac Electrical Activity
• Absorption
• Acceleration
• Accelerometers
• Accessory Pathway
• Acclimation
• Acclimatization
• Acid–Base Buffering Systems
• Acidosis
• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
• Actigraphy
• Actin
• Action Potentials
• Action Simulation
• Activation Induced Cell Death (AICD)
• Active Heating
• Activity Dependent Potentiation
• Acute Febrile Illness
• Acute Mountain Sickness
• Acute Phase Proteins (APPs)
• Acute Phase Reaction
• Acute Phase Response
• Acute Polio
• Acute Program Variables
• Adaptability
• Adaptation
• Adaptive Immune Cells
• Adaptive Immune System (ADIM)
• Adaptive Movement Variability
• Adaptive Physical Activity (APA)
• Adenine Nucleotides
• Adenosine
• Adenosine 5′-Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase
• Adenosine Triphosphate
• Adenosine Triphosphate–Binding Cassette A1 (ABCA1)
• Adenosine Triphosphoric Acid
• Adherence (Regimen Adherence)
• Adhesion Molecules
• Adipocytokines
• Adipogenesis
• Adipokines
• Adiponectin
• Adipose Tissue
• Adipose-Tissue-Derived Hormones
• Adiposity
• Adiposity Signal
• ADMA
• Adolescence
• Adrenergic Receptors
• Adrenoceptors
• Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis
• Aerobic Activity
• Aerobic Capacity ()
• Aerobic Endurance
• Aerobic Energy System
• Aerobic Exercise Energy Expenditure
• Aerobic Fitness
• Aerobic Glycolysis
• Aerobic Metabolism
• Aerobic Power, Tests of
• Aerobic Respiration
• Aerobic Training
• Aerobic Work Capacity
• Aerobic–Anaerobic Threshold (AAT)
• Age
• Aged Athlete
• Agility
• Aging
• Aging Athlete
• Aging, Adaptations to Training
• Aging, Motor Performance
• AI (Adequate Intake)
• AICAR
• AIDS, Exercise
• Airway Inflammation
• Algesic Substances
• Alkaline Earth Metal
• Alkaloid
• Allele
• Allergy
• Allosteric
• Allosteric Hemoglobin Modifiers
• All-Out Exercise
• Alpha1-Adrenergic Receptors
• Alpha2-Adrenergic Receptors
• Alpha-Amylase or Amylase
• ALS
• Alteration in Structure and Function
• Altered Modulation of Vasomotor Tone
• Alternative Activation
• Altitude
• Altitude Illness
• Altitude Sensitivity
• Altitude Sickness
• Altitude Training
• Altitude, Physiological Response
• Alzheimer's Disease
• Amenorrhea
• Amide
• 2-Amino-4-Carbamoylbutanoic Acid
• 2-Aminoglutaramic Acid
• α-amino Carboxylic Acid
• Amino Acid Kinetics
• Amino Acid Oxidation
• Amino Acids
• AMP Kinase
• AMP-Activated Protein Kinase
• AMPK
• Amputation
• Amyloid
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Anabolic
• Anabolic Androgens
• Anabolic Hormones
• Anabolic Steroids
• Anaerobic Activity
• Anaerobic Energy Expenditure
• Anaerobic Glycolysis
• Anaerobic Metabolism
• Anaerobic Power, Test of
• Anaerobic Threshold
• Androgen
• Angiogenesis
• Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
• Angiotensin I
• Angiotensin II
• Angiotensinogen
• Anion
• Ankle/Brachial Index
• Anoxia
• Antigen
• Antihypertensive Effects of Exercise
• Antihypertensive Medications
• Anti-inflammatory Activation
• Antioxidant Enzymes
• Antioxidants
• Antiretroviral Medication
• Anxiolytic
• Aortic Coarctation
• AP-1
• Apelin
• Apnea–Hypopnea Index
• Apoproteins
• Apoptosis
• Apoptosome
• Arranged in Parallel
• Arranged in Series
• Arterial Blood Gases
• Arterial Hypertension
• Arterial PCO2
• Arterial PO2
• Arteriosclerosis
• Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference
• Arthritis
• Arthropathy
• Arthrosis
• Asthma Bronchiale
• Atherosclerosis
• Athlete
• Athlete's Diet
• Athlete's Heart
• Athletic Amenorrhea
• Athletic Heart Syndrome
• [Atot]
• ATP
• Atrial fibrillation
• Atrioventricular Node
• Atrophy
• Automatic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (AICD)
• Autophagy
• Axon
• B
• β-Endorphin
• Balance
• Baroreflex
• Basal Lamina
• Basal Metabolic Rate
• Base
• Basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) proteins
• BDNF
• Behavior Change
• Beta 2-Adrenoceptor Agonists
• Beta-Adrenergic Receptors
• Beta-Blockers
• Bicarbonate Threshold
• Bicycle
• Bicycling
• Biking
• Bioactive Substances in Intercellular Signal Transduction
• Bioavailability
• Bioenergetics
• Biomarker
• Biomechanics
• Biosynthesis
• Bipolar disorder
• Block Periodization Concept (BPC)
• Blood
• Blood Boosting
• Blood Doping
• Blood Fats
• Blood Flow
• Blood Lactate
• Blood Manipulation
• Blood Rheology
• Blood Substitutes
• Blood-Borne Infections
• BMD
• BMI
• Body Builder Training
• Body Composition
• Body Composition in Youths
• Body Density
• Body Mass Index
• Body Movement
• Body Temperature
• Body Temperature Control
• Body Volume
• Body Water
• Body Weight
• Bohr Effect
• Bone Density
• Bone Mass
• Bone Mineral Density
• Bone Modeling
• Bone Remodeling
• Bone Renewal
• Bone Turnover
• Bradyarrhythmias
• Brain Hemisphere
• Bronchial Asthma
• Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness
• Bronchiectasis
• Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)
• Buffer Capacity
• Buffering of Acid
• C
• γH2AX Foci Analysis
• 2-(Carbamimidoyl-Methyl-Amino)Acetic Acid
• Ca2+ Release Channels
• Ca2+-Induced Ca2+ Release (CICR)
• Caffeine
• Calcium
• Calmodulin
• Canaliculi
• Cancer
• Cancer Cachexia
• Cancer Survivorship
• Cancer, Prevention
• Cancer, Therapy
• Acknowledgements
• Capillarization
• Capillary Hematocrit
• Carbohydrate
• Carbohydrate Loading
• Carbon Dioxide Output
• Cardiac Arrhythmias
• Cardiac Energy Metabolism
• Cardiac Growth
• Cardiac Hypertrophy, Pathological
• Cardiac Hypertrophy, Physiological
• Cardiac Output (Q)
• Cardiac Preconditioning
• Cardiac Rehab
• Cardiac Rehabilitation
• Cardiac Transplantation
• Cardioembolic Stroke
• Cardiomyocyte
• Cardiomyocyte Dysfunction
• Cardiomyopathies
• Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test
• Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CEPT)
• Cardiorespiratory Endurance Capacity
• Cardiorespiratory Fitness
• Cardiovascular System
• Caspase
• Catabolic
• Catabolism
• Catecholamines
• Catheter Ablation
• Cation
• Cell Suicide
• Cell-to-Cell Lactate Shuttle
• Cellular Oxidation
• Cellular Plasticity
• Central Sleep Apnea
• Cerebral Autoregulation
• Cerebral Hemorrhage
• Cerebral Infarct
• Cerebral Palsy
• Cerebral Plasticity
• Cerebrovascular Accident
• CFTR
• Chain-Breaking Antioxidants
• Chalone
• Change of Direction Speed
• Changes in Brain Capabilities
• Channellopathy
• Chemoattraction
• Chemokines
• Chemotherapy
• Children Competition Sport
• Children, in Competitive Sports
• Children, Obesity
• Children, Principle Components of Motor Fitness
• Cholesterol
• Chondroprotection
• Chronic Heart Failure
• Chronic Mental Illness
• Chronic Mountain Sickness
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
• Chronotropic Incompetence
• Chronotropic Response
• Cinderella Hypothesis
• Circadian Rhythms
• Citric Acid Cycle
• Classic Model
• Claudication Onset Time
• Climacteric
• Clinical Population
• Clonogenic Survival Assay
• Closed Head Injury
• Clotting
• Coagulation
• Cognition
• Cognitive Aging
• Cognitive Reserve
• Cold
• Cold Work
• Collagen
• Comet Assay
• Compensated Hypertrophy
• Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
• Complete Transportation of the Great Arteries
• Complex Systems
• Complex Training
• Compliance
• Composition of the Human Body
• Concentric Activity
• Concussion
• Congenital Cardiovascular Malformations
• Congenital Coagulopathy
• Congenital Heart Defect
• Congenital Heart Disease
• Congestive Heart Failure
• Connectin
• Connective Tissue
• Constitutive (or Cognate) Protein
• Constraint Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT)
• Continuous Submaximal Training
• Contracture
• Cool Down
• Cooperativity
• Coordination
• Coordination, Training
• Coordinative Structures
• COPD
• Core Body Temperature
• Core-to-Skin Temperature Gradient
• Coronary Artery Disease
• Coronary Heart Disease
• Correlates and Determinants of Physical Activity
• Cortical Plasticity
• Cortical Silent Period
• Costal
• CPET (or CXT)
• C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
• Creatine
• Creatine Kinase
• Creatine Phosphate (CP; Phosphocreatine, PC)
• Critical Power (CP)
• Crohn's Disease
• Crossbridges
• Crosstalk
• Cutaneous Microdialysis
• Cutaneous Vasodilation
• CVA
• Cyanotic Heart Disease
• Cycling
• Cyclosporine A
• Cystic Fibrosis
• Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas
• Cystic Fibrosis–Related Diabetes Mellitus
• Cytochrome C Oxidase (or Complex IV)
• Cytokines
• Cytoskeleton
• Cytotoxic Therapy
• D
• 3,7-Dihydro-1,3,7-Trimethyl-1 H-Purine-2,6-Dione
• Daily Energy Expenditure
• Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
• D-Dimers
• Defense of Microorganisms
• Degeneration
• Degenerative Joint Disease
• Degradative Machinery
• Degree of Freedom
• Dehydration
• Delta F508
• Dendrite
• Dendritic Cells
• Denervation
• Dephosphorylation
• Depression
• Develop
• D-Glutamine
• Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus, Juvenile
• Diabetes Mellitus, Myopathy
• Diabetes Mellitus, Prevention
• Diabetes Mellitus, Sports Therapy
• Diabetic Myopathy
• Diaphragm
• Diarrhea, Exercise Induced
• Diet
• Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
• Dietary Supplement
• Diffusion
• Diffusion Tensor Imaging
• Dihydropyridine Receptors (DHPRs) = L-Type Voltage-Operated Ca2+ Channels
• Direct Calorimetry
• Disability Adjusted Life Years
• Disabled Athletes
• Disorder of Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Disorders of Fat Metabolism
• Disturbance of the Heartbeat
• Dizziness Upon Standing
• DNA Damage
• Dominant Negative
• DOMS
• Dopamine
• Doping
• Double Periodization
• Doxorubicin
• Drafting
• Drinking Behaviors During Long Distance Events
• Drug Abuse in Sports
• Dual Task Balance
• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
• Dynamic Balance
• Dynorphin
• Dyslipidemia
• Dyslipoproteinemia
• Dysmetabolic Syndrome
• Dysoxia
• Dyspnea
• Dysregulation of Energy Balance
• Dystrophin
• Dystrophin-Glycoprotein Complex (DGC)
• Dystrophy
• E
• E3 Ubiquitin Ligases
• EAH
• Eccentric Activity
• Eccentric Muscle Damage
• Eccentric Strength
• Ecologic Model of Physical Activity
• Efficiency
• Efficiency of Locomotion
• Eisenmenger Physiology
• Elastic Strength
• Electrolyte Disorder
• Electrolytes
• Electromyography
• Electron Transport Chain
• Electrophysiologic Study (EPS)
• Eleven-a-Side 0–9 Soccer
• Elite Swimmer
• Elongation
• Encourage
• Endocrines
• Endothelial Dysfunction
• Endothelial Function
• Endothelial Progenitor Cells
• Endothelium
• Endurance
• Endurance Capacity
• Endurance Training
• Energetics
• Energy
• Energy Balance
• Energy Consumption
• Energy Cost of Locomotion
• Energy Cost of Running
• Energy Demands
• Energy Expenditure
• Energy Intake
• Energy Metabolism
• Energy Source
• Energy Substrates
• Energy Transformation
• Energy-Dense Foods
• Engagement
• Enhancement of Performance Capacity in Long Duration Events
• Enkephalin
• Enteral Nutrition
• Environmental Heat Stress
• Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)
• Epigenetics
• EPOC
• Eppendorf Microelectrode
• Equilibrium
• Ergogenic Aids
• Ergogenic Effect
• Ergometry
• ERK
• Erythrocytes
• Erythrocytopoiesis
• Erythropoiesis
• Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents
• Erythropoietin (EPO)
• E-Selectin
• Essential Hypertension
• Estrogen
• Euhydration
• Eupnea
• Evaporation
• Evaporative Heat Loss
• Event-Related Potentials
• Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption
• Excitation–Contraction Coupling
• Executive Control
• Executive Functions
• Exercise
• Exercise Acidosis
• Exercise and Cancer-Related Side Effects
• Exercise and Immune Function
• Exercise and Mental Health
• Exercise and Neurocognitive Function
• Exercise and Prognosis After Cancer Diagnosis
• Exercise and Risk of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
• Exercise Associated Loose Stool
• Exercise Capacity
• Exercise ECG
• Exercise Electrocardiogram
• Exercise in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
• Exercise Preconditioning
• Exercise Prescription
• Exercise Testing
• Exercise Training
• Exercise Ventilation
• Exercise-Associated Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea
• Exercise-Associated Menstrual Disorder
• Exercise-Induced Adaptations
• Exercise-Induced Airway Dysfunction
• Exercise-Induced Asthma
• Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction
• Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm
• Exercise-Induced Cardioprotection
• Exercise-Induced Intestinal Hypoperfusion and Subsequent Intestinal Damage
• Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
• Expiration
• Extracellular Matrix
• Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
• Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases (ERKs)
• Extrinsic Falls Risk Factors
• Exercise-Induced Anemia
• F
• Factor VIII/IX Deficiency
• Failing Cardiomyocyte
• Fainting
• Fall
• Fall Injury Prevention
• Fall Prevention
• Fall Risk Assessment
• Fall, Risk of
• Acknowledgements
• Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Analyses
• Fast Glycolytic Fibers
• Fast Oxidative Fibers
• Fat
• Fat Mass or Body Fat
• Fat Metabolism
• Fat Oxidation
• Fat-Free Mass
• Fatigue
• Fatigue Resistance
• Fatty Acid Metabolism
• Female Athlete Triad
• Female Athlete Triad-Associated Amenorrhea
• Fermentation
• Fiber Type
• Fibrinogen/Fibrin
• Fibromyalgia
• Fibrosis
• Fibrous Cap
• Fictive Locomotion
• Field Potentials
• FINA
• Fluid Replacement
• Fluorescent Dye
• Foam Cells
• Fontan Circulation
• Food
• Food Regimes for Active Individuals
• Food Supplement
• Force-Frequency Relationship
• Frank–Starling Mechanism
• Free Ions
• Free Radicals
• Frequency Domain Analysis
• Functional Capacity
• Functional Equivalence
• Functional Flexibility
• Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea
• Functional Immaturity
• Functional Impairments
• Functional Overreaching
• G
• Gait Stabilization
• Gap Junctions
• Gas Exchange, Alveolar
• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
• Gastrointestinal Disorders
• Gastrointestinal Symptoms
• Gene
• Gene Doping
• Gene Expression Profiling
• Gene Therapy
• General Adaptation Syndrome
• General Fitness Training
• Genetic Doping
• Genetic Polymorphism
• Genetics, Trainability
• Genome
• Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS)
• Genotype
• GERD
• Geriatrics
• Gerontology
• Giant Muscle Proteins: Titin/Nebulin
• Giant Proteins
• Gln
• Glucocorticoid
• Glucocorticoids (Inhaled for Asthma)
• Glucose
• Glucose Intolerance
• Glucose Transporters
• Glucose-Electrolyte Solution
• GLUT4
• Glutamine
• Glutamine: C5H10N2O3
• Glycation of Proteins
• Glycemic Index
• Glycogen
• Glycogen Depletion
• Glycogen Loading
• Glycogen Super-Compensation
• Glycogen Synthase
• Glycogenolysis
• Glycolysis
• GOLD Grade
• Golf Handicap Index
• G-Protein-Linked Receptors
• Graded Exercise Testing (GXT)
• Growth
• Growth and Lactogenic Hormone (GLH) Family
• Growth Cartilage
• Growth Factors
• Guanidino Acid
• GXT
• H
• Habituation
• Hand Dominance
• Hand Preference
• Handedness
• HDL
• Health Behavior Theory(s) or Theoretical Framework(s)
• Health Benefits
• Heart Abnormality
• Heart Attack
• Heart Denervation
• Heart Failure
• Heart Failure, Training
• Heart Period
• Heart Period Variability
• Heart Rate Variability
• Heat Acclimation
• Heat Acclimatization
• Heat Adaptation
• Heat Illness
• Heat Loss
• Heat Shock (Stress Response)
• Heat Shock Proteins
• Heat Strain
• Hematopoietic Stem Cells
• Hemoglobin
• Hemoglobin Concentration
• Hemoglobin Mass (Hb-mass)
• Hemophilia
• Hemorheology
• Hemorrhagic Stroke
• Hemostasis
• Hepatic Glucoregulation
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C
• Hepcidin
• High Altitude
• High Blood Pressure
• High Elevation
• High Energy Phosphate Bonds
• High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
• High-Intensity Aerobic Interval Training
• High-Intensity Exercise
• High-Intensity Submaximal Interval Training
• High-Intensity Training
• High-Intensity Training Young Athletes
• Hippocampus
• HIV
• HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy
• HIV-Related Cardiometabolic Complications
• Hoffman Reflex
• Homeostasis
• Homotope
• Hormesis
• Hormones
• Hormones Regulating Vascular Tone and Body Fluids
• Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
• Huntington's Disease
• Hybrid Fiber
• Hydroxyapatite
• Hypercholesterolemia
• Hypercytokinemia
• Hyperglycemia
• Hyperlipidemia
• Hyperplasia
• Hypertension
• Hypertension, Physical Activity
• Acknowledgment
• Hypertension, Training
• Hyperthermia
• Hypertriglyceridemia
• Hypertrophy
• Hypobaric Hypoxia
• Hypobaropathy
• Hypohydration
• Hypomagnesemia
• Hyponatremia, Exercise Associated
• Hypoperfusion
• Hyposthenuria
• Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Cortisol Hypothesis
• Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis
• Hypoxemia
• Hypoxia, Focus Hypobaric Hypoxia
• Hypoxia, Focus Hypoxic Hypoxia
• Hypoxia Markers
• Hypoxia, Training
• Acknowledgment
• Hypoxia-Inducible Factors
• Hypoxic Training
• I
• Ig (Immunoglobulin)
• IGF-1
• Immediate Energy System
• Immune System
• Immunolocalization
• Immunology
• Immunosenescence
• Immunosuppressant
• Immunosuppression
• Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
• Acknowledgement
• Inability to Maintain Upright Posture
• Increase in Mitochondrial Content
• Indirect Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness to Exercise
• Indirect Calorimetry
• Individual Anaerobic Threshold (IAT)
• Individual Maximal Heart Rate
• Individualization
• Individualized Exercise
• Infection
• Inflammation
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Exercise
• Inflammatory Cytokines
• Inflammatory Joint Disease
• Innate Immunity
• Innate or Natural Immune System (INIM)
• Insomnia
• Inspiration
• Inspiratory Muscle
• Instantaneous Heart Rate
• Insulin
• Insulin Resistance
• Insulin Resistance Syndrome
• Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
• Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Myopathy
• Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs) –I and –II
• Intense Training
• Intensity of Exercise
• Interactions
• Inter-cellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1)
• Intercellular Signaling
• Interleukin (IL)
• Intermittent Claudication
• Internal Models
• Interval Exercise
• Interval Training
• Intestinal Absorption
• Intestinal Assimilation
• Intestinal Transport
• Intestinal Uptake
• Intracellular Signaling
• Intrinsic Falls Risk Factors
• Intrinsic Radiosensitivity
• Involvement
• Ipsilesional Arm
• Iron
• Ischemia
• Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
• Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury, Exercise-Induced Cardioprotection
• Ischemic Preconditioning
• Ischemic Stroke
• Ischemic Threshold
• Isoenzyme
• Isotonic
• Isotope
• J
• JAK
• JAK/STAT Pathway
• Janus Kinases (JAK)
• JNKs
• J-Shaped Curve
• Juvenile-Onset Diabetic Myopathy
• K
• Ketones
• Key Regulators
• L
• Lactacidosis
• Lactate and Endorphin-ACTH Correlations in Exercise
• Lactate Metabolism
• Lactate Threshold
• Lactate Turnpoint (LTP)
• Lactic Acidosis
• Lactic Acidosis Threshold
• LDL
• Learning
• Left Ventricular Assist
• Left Ventricular Assist Devices
• Left Ventricular Failure
• Leg Stiffness
• Length-Tension Relationship (Also Called the Force-Length Relationship)
• Leptin
• Les Autres
• Leukotriene Pathway Antagonists (for Asthma)
• L-Glutamine
• Lifespan
• Lifestyle Change
• Ligand–Receptor Interaction
• Limitations to Exercise Capacity
• Lipid Kinetics
• Lipid Metabolism Disorders
• Lipids
• Lipoatrophy
• Lipogenesis
• Lipogenic
• Lipolysis (Lipolytic Rate)
• Lipoprotein Metabolism
• Lipoproteins
• Live High – Train Low
• Live Low – Train High
• Liver
• Locomotor Control
• Locoregional Therapy
• Long Distance Running
• Looseness After Exercise
• Loss of Balance
• Loss of Muscle Mass
• Low Energy Availability
• Low Inspired Oxygen (O2) Pressure
• Low Oxygen
• Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
• Low-Frequency Fatigue
• Low-Grade Inflammation
• Low-Volume Hypothesis
• L-Type Voltage-Operated Ca2+ Channels
• Lumbar
• Lung Diffusion of Carbon Monoxide (DLCO)
• LVAD
• Lymphocyte Proliferation
• Lymphocyte Recirculation
• Lymphocytes
• Lymphocytosis
• Lymphopenia
• Lysozyme
• M
• (α-Methylguanido)Acetic Acid
• Macrocycle
• Macro-environment
• Macronutrient and Micronutrient Needs of Athletes
• Macronutrients
• Macrophage
• Magnesium
• Magnesium Deficiency
• Magnesium Loading Test
• Maintenance
• Major Depressive Disorder
• Major Nutrient Requirements of Sportsperson
• Malabsorption
• Maladaptation
• Maladaptive Cardiac Remodeling
• Male Sex Hormones
• Malignancy
• Malnutrition
• Manipulation of Performance
• MAPKs
• Marathoners’ Heart
• Mass Spectrometry (MS)
• Master Regulatory Gene
• Master Swimmer
• Master's Athletes
• Material properties
• Matrix Metalloproteinases
• Matrix Tissue
• Maximal Aerobic Power
• Maximal Lactate Steady State (maxLass or MLSS)
• Maximal O2 Uptake
• Maximal Oxygen Consumption ()
• Maximal Oxygen Uptake ()
• Maximal Strength
• Maximal Strength Training (MST)
• Mechanisms
• Meconium Ileus
• Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome
• Mediating Variable
• Mediating-Moderating Variable Model
• Mediator(s)
• Melatonin
• Memory
• Memory Formation
• Menopause
• Menstrual Cycle
• Mental Disease
• Mental Disorders
• Mental Practice
• Mental Training
• Mentally lll
• mEq/L
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells
• Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
• Mesocycle
• Meso-environment
• MET Level
• Metabolic Equivalents (METs)
• Metabolic Expenditure
• Metabolic Heat Production
• Metabolic Stress
• Metabolic Syndrome
• Metabolism: Carbohydrate
• Metabolism (Metabolic Rate)
• Metabolism, Lipid
• Metabolism, Protein
• Metastatic Dissemination
• Method of Planning Athletic Training
• Methyl Glycocyamine
• Methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA)
• Methylguanidoacetic Acid
• Mg
• Microarray
• Microcycle
• Microdamage
• Micro-environment
• Micronutrients
• MicroRNA (miRNA)
• Microtubule-Associated Protein Kinases
• Microvascular PO2 (PmvO2)
• Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
• Mineral Salts
• Mineralocorticoid
• Minerals
• Mitochondria
• Mitochondrial Biogenesis
• Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption
• Mitochondrial Polymerase
• Mitochondrial Respiration
• Mitochondrial Synthesis
• Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
• MMPs
• Moderate Intensity, Aerobic Exercise
• Moderate Training
• Moderating Variable
• Modification of Disease
• Modified Low-Density Lipoproteins (mLDL)
• Molecular Chaperones
• Molecular Targeting
• Monitoring of Training
• Mono- and Oligo-nucleosomes
• Monoamine-Deficiency Hypothesis
• Monocytes
• Monogenetic Disease
• Mononitrogen Monoxide (Systematic Name)
• Mononuclear Phagocytic System
• Mood Disorders
• Mortality
• Motivation (Self-regulation) Types
• Motor Competence
• Motor Fitness
• Motor Imagery
• Motor Lateralization
• Motor Performance
• Motor System Re-organization
• Motor Unit
• Motor Unit Synchronization
• Movement Control in Older People
• mTORC1
• MTT Assay
• Mucosal Immunity
• Mucoviscidosis
• Multicomponent Exercise
• Multidimensional
• Multifactorial Intervention
• Multipotency
• Muscle Cell
• Muscle Contraction
• Muscle Contraction Type
• Muscle Contractions
• Muscle Damage
• Muscle Development
• Muscle Disease
• Muscle Endurance
• Muscle Fatigue
• Muscle Fiber
• Muscle Fiber Types
• Muscle Formation
• Muscle Glycogen
• Muscle Hypertrophy
• Muscle Injury
• Muscle Injury and Repair
• Muscle Pain
• Muscle Plasticity
• Muscle Progenitor Cell Niche
• Muscle Quality
• Muscle Repair
• Muscle Shortening
• Muscle Synergy
• Muscle Training
• Muscle Wasting
• Muscle Weakness
• Muscular Activity
• Muscular Dystrophies
• Musculoskeletal System
• Mustard Atrial Repair Operation
• Mutability
• Mutation
• Myalgia
• Myalgia, Chronic
• Myoblasts
• Myocardial Infarction
• Myocardial Ischemia
• Myoelectric Signal
• Myofascial Force Transmission
• Myofiber
• Myofibril
• Myogenesis
• Myogenic Cells
• Myogenic Regulatory Factors
• Myogenic Stem Cells
• Myopathy
• Myoplasm = Cytoplasm
• Myoplasticity
• Myosin
• Myosin Heavy Chain
• Myostatin
• Myotube
• N
• N-(Aminoiminomethyl)-N-Methyl-Glycine
• Na+, K+-Pump
• Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger (NCX)
• Na+/H+ Exchanger
• N-Amidinosarcosine
• Natural Antibodies
• Natural Killer Cells
• Nearest Neighbor Rule
• Necrosis
• Necrotic Process
• Needle Biopsy Technique
• NEFA
• Neoplasm
• Neovascularization
• Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)
• Net Energy Expenditure
• Neural Adaptations in Strength Training
• Neural Lateralization
• Neural Plasticity
• Neurobiology
• Neurodegenerative Disease
• Neurogenesis
• Neuroimaging
• Neurological Level
• Neuromechanical Control of Walking and Running
• Neuromechanics
• Neurometabolic Cascade
• Neuromuscular
• Neuromuscular Aging
• Neuromuscular Disease
• Neuromuscular Disorder
• Neuron
• Neuropathic Symptoms
• Neurotrophic Factors
• Neurotrophins
• Neutrophils
• NF-κB
• N-Guanyl-N-Methylglycine
• NHE Protein
• Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
• Nitric Oxide
• Nitric Oxide Synthase
• Nitrogen Monoxide
• N-Methyl-N-Guanylglycine
• Nociception
• Nomenclature HSP Families
• Non-adverse Maternal and Fetal Outcome
• Nonenzymatic Antioxidants
• Non-evaporative Heat Loss
• Nonfunctional Overreaching
• Nonlinear (Undulating) Model
• NOS
• NO-Synthase
• Notch
• Nourishment
• NR1C1 for PPARα
• NR1C2 for PPARβ/δ
• NR1C3 for PPARγ
• Nucleotide
• NUGEMPS
• Nutrient
• Nutrient Timing
• Nutrition
• Nutritional Supplement
• N-WASP
• O
• O2 Debt
• O2 Deficit
• Obesity
• Obesity in Children
• Acknowledgment
• Obesity in Youths
• Obesity: Signals of Energy Balance
• OBLA
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Old Competitor
• One Repetition-Maximum (1RM)
• Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA)
• Opioid Peptides, Endogenous
• Optimization of Training Effects and Performance Peaking
• Organization of Structured Training Regimes
• Orthostatic Intolerance
• Orthotopically
• Osmolality
• Osmosis
• Osmotic Gradient
• Osteoarthritis
• Osteoarthrosis
• Osteoblasts
• Osteoclasts
• Osteocytes
• Osteoid
• Osteopenia
• Osteoporosis
• Osteoprotegerin
• Overload
• Overreaching
• Overtraining
• Overtraining Syndrome
• Overtraining-Biochemical Markers
• Overweight or Obese
• Oxidant/Antioxidant Homeostasis
• Oxidants
• Oxidative Burst
• Oxidative Capacity
• Oxidative Capacity Training
• Oxidative Metabolism
• Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Oxidative Status
• Oxidative Stress
• Oxidize
• Oxygen (O2)
• Oxygen (O2) Debt
• Oxygen Consumption Plateau
• Oxygen Debt
• Oxygen Deficiency
• Oxygen Delivery in Sports
• Oxygen Diffusion Capacity
• Oxygen Effect
• Oxygen Partial Pressure (PO2), in Heavy Exercise
• Oxygen System
• Oxygen Uptake
• P
• p38MAPK
• p53
• Pancreatic Insufficiency
• Paralympic
• Paralympic Athletes
• Paraplegia
• Paraxanthine
• Parenteral Nutrition
• Parkinson's Disease
• Participation
• Passive Heating
• Passive Tension
• Pathogen
• Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy
• PCO2
• PCr
• Peak Aerobic Power
• Peak Anaerobic Power
• Peak O2 Uptake
• Peak Oxygen Consumption ()
• Peak Walking Time
• Pedometer/Accelerometer
• Pennation Angle
• Peptide F
• Perception and Action
• Performance
• Performance Factors
• Performance Measure
• Performance Outcome
• Performance Standard
• Perimenopause
• Perimysium Externum
• Perimysium Internum
• Periodic Limb Movements During Sleep
• Periodization
• Periodized Resistance Training
• Peripheral Arterial Disease
• Peripheral Vascular Disease
• Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptors
• Perspiration
• PGC1α
• pH Regulation
• Phagocyte
• Phagocytosis
• Phenotype
• Phosphagen System
• Phosphocreatine
• Phospholipids
• Phosphorylation
• Physical Activity
• Physical Activity and Mortality Risk
• Physical Activity and Socioeconomic Status
• Physical Activity Dose
• Physical Activity Energy Expenditure
• Physical Exercise Training
• Physical Fitness
• Physical Training
• Physical-Cognitive Activity
• Physico-chemical
• Physiologic Adaptation
• Physiological Cardiac Hypertrophy
• PIgR (Polymeric-Ig Receptor)
• Plasma Membrane
• Plyometric Exercise
• Plyometric Training
• Poincaré Plot
• Polymorphism
• Polysomnography
• POMC-Proopiomelanocortin
• Position in the Social Hierarchy
• Position Stand
• Postactivation Potentiation
• Postexercise Hypotension
• Post-Poliomyelitis Syndrome
• Postpolio Syndrome
• Posttetanic Potentiation
• Postural Balance
• Postural Control
• Postural Stability
• Power
• Power Output
• PPARs
• PPARβ/δ
• PPREs
• Preadolescence
• Preconditioning
• Precursor Cells
• Predictive Value
• Pregnancy
• Pre-hypertension
• Premenopausal
• Preventing Accidental Falls
• Preventing Loss of Postural Balance
• Preventing Slips and Trips
• Primary Active Transport
• Primary Amenorrhea
• Primary Hypertension
• Primary Stroke Prevention
• Procaspases
• Production of Erythrocytes
• Prodynorphin
• Proenkephalin
• Progenitor Cells
• Progesterone
• Prognosis
• Programmed Cell Death
• Progressive Overload
• Pro-inflammatory Activation
• Pro-inflammatory Cytokines
• Promotion of and Adherence to Physical Activity
• Prompt
• Proopiomelanocortin
• Prooxidant–Antioxidant Balance
• Prostaglandins
• Proteases
• Proteasomes
• Protein
• Protein Balance
• Protein Breakdown
• Protein Building Blocks
• Protein Chaperone
• Protein Degradation
• Protein Kinase
• Protein Kinase A (PKA)
• Protein Kinase C
• Protein Synthesis
• Protein Turnover
• Proteolytic System
• Proteome
• Proteosome
• Prothrombin/Thrombin
• Psychiatric/Psychological Disorders
• Psychotropic Drugs
• Pulmonary System Adaptations
• Pulmonary System During Exercise
• Pulmonary System Limitations to Exercise Performance
• Pulmonary System Maladaptations
• Pulmonary System, Performance Limitation
• Pulmonary System, Training Adaptation
• Acknowledgement
• Pulmonary Ventilation
• Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis
• Pure Fiber
• Purinergic Receptors
• Pyrogen
• Q
• Quality of Life (QoL)
• Quickness
• R
• Radiation-Induced Normal Tissue Injury
• Raise
• RANK Ligand
• Rate of Force Development (RFD)
• Reaction Time
• Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS)
• Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
• Reactive Strength
• Reactive Training
• Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa Beta Ligand (RANKL)
• Receptor Density
• Receptors
• Recombinant Human EPO
• Recovery Oxygen Uptake
• Red Blood Cell Capillary Transit Time
• Red Blood Cell Rheological Properties
• Redox Homeostasis
• Redox Signaling
• Redox Status
• Reduced Force Production Capacity
• Regeneration
• Regimen
• Regimen Adherence
• Regimen Compliance
• Registered Dietitian (RD)
• Regulatory Light Chain Phosphorylation
• Regulatory Roles
• Rehabilitation
• Rehabilitation Therapy in COPD
• Rehabilitation, Cardiac
• Rehydration
• Renal Medullary Carcinoma
• Renin
• Renin-Angiotensin Mechanism
• Renin-Angiotensin System
• Repeated Bout Effect
• Repeated Sprint Ability
• Reperfusion
• Reproductive Cycle
• Required Nutrients
• Resistance Training
• Resistance Training, Children
• Resistance Training, Molecular Mechanisms
• Resolution of Inflammation
• Respiratory Exchange Ratio
• Respiratory Quotient
• Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA)
• Responses to Exercise
• Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
• Restless Legs Syndrome
• Retention
• Reticulocytes
• Retrograde Transport
• Return-to-Play Decision
• Reverse Cholesterol Transport (RCT)
• Reverse Periodization
• Reverse Remodeling
• Rhabdomyolysis
• Rhythm Disorder
• Ribosome
• Riding a Bike
• Risk of Falling
• ROM
• R-R Interval Variability
• Runner's Diarrhea
• Runner's Trots
• Running
• RXR
• Ryanodine Receptor
• S
• Sarcolemma
• Sarcomeres
• Sarcopenia
• Acknowledgements
• Sarcoplasmic
• Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
• Sarcoplasmic/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA)
• Satellite Cells
• Satiation Signal
• Scavenger Cell
• Second Messenger
• Secondary Active Transport
• Secondary Amenorrhea
• Secondary Stroke Prevention
• Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)
• Self-efficacy
• Self-presentational Doubts
• Senescence
• Senior Athlete
• Sensitivity of a Test
• Series Elastic Component
• Serotonin
• SES
• Sex Hormones
• Shear Rate
• Shear Stress
• Shearing
• Short-Term Power Testing
• Sickle Cell Trait
• [SID]
• s-IgA
• Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT)
• Signal Transduction
• Signaling Molecule
• Signaling Pathway
• Signaling Pathways
• Single Periodization
• Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP)
• Sinoatrial Node
• Skeletal Muscle
• Skeletal Muscle Disorder
• Skeletal Muscle Progenitor Cells
• Skill Acquisition
• Skill-Related Fitness
• Skin Blood Flow
• Skin Temperature
• Skin Wettedness
• Sleep and Exercise
• Sleep Efficiency
• Sleep Onset Latency
• Sleep-Disordered Breathing
• Slow Component of VO2 on-kinetics
• Slow Oxidative Fibers
• Slow-Wave Sleep
• Soccer
• Social Class
• Socioeconomic Status
• SOCS
• Sodium/Proton Antiport
• Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter (SGLT1)
• Sodium-Proton Exchanger
• Soleus
• Solute
• Solvent
• Soma
• Spastic Paresis
• Specific White Blood Cells
• Specificity
• Specificity of a Test
• Speed
• Speed Training
• Spinal Cord Injury
• Spinal Cord Lesion
• Sport Eligibility
• Sports
• Sports Training
• Spring-Mass Model
• Sprint
• Sprint Training
• Sprint-Type Interval Training
• ST Segment Depression
• ST Segment Elevation
• Stabilization of Hydrogen Ion Activity or Concentration
• Stabilize
• Staircase
• Standard Exercise Test
• STAT
• Static Balance
• Steady-State Exercise
• Steady-State Sweating
• Stem Cells
• Stem Cells, Muscle
• Sternal
• Steroid
• Steroid Hormones
• Stiffness
• Stimulus–Response Coupling
• Stone Age Diet
• Strain
• Strength
• Strength Training
• Strength Training, Health Benefits of
• Stress
• Stress Hormones
• Stress Proteins
• Stress Testing
• Stretch-Shortening Cycle (SSC)
• Stretch-Shortening Cycle Training
• Striated Muscle Tissue
• Stroke
• Stroke Volume
• Stroma
• Strong Acid Anion
• Strong Base Cation
• Subcutaneous Fat (or Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue)
• Substrate Cycling (Futile Cycle)
• Substrate Oxidation
• Sudden Cardiac Death
• Sudor
• Supplement Contamination
• Supplementation
• Supportive Tissue
• Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling
• Susceptibility Locus
• Sustenance
• Sweat
• Sweat Chloride Test
• Sweating
• Sweating Efficiency
• Swimming
• Swimming Performance
• Sympathetic Response Mediators
• Synapse
• Syncope
• Syndrome X
• Synovial Joint
• Synovitis
• System A Amino Acid Transport
• Systemic Therapy
• Systems Theory
• T
• 1,3,7-Trimethyl-2,6-Dioxopurine
• 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine
• T Cells
• Tachyarrhythmia
• Tacrolimus
• TAG
• Tangential Drag
• Taper
• Team-Sport
• Tendon
• Tetraplegia (Tetra: Four; Plegia: Paralysis)
• Th1/Th2 Cells
• The Triad
• Theobromine
• Theophylline
• Thermal Insulation of Clothing (Icl)
• Thermal Load
• Thermal Strain
• Thermal Sweating
• Thermoneutral Zone (TNZ)
• Thermoregulation
• Thrombotic Stroke
• Thrombus Formation
• Tight Junction
• Time Domain Analysis
• TIMP
• Tissue Lactate Concentration
• Tissue Regeneration
• Tissue Remodeling
• Titin
• Total Active Tension
• Total Sleep Time
• Training
• Training Dose
• Training Impulse or TRIMP
• Training Intensity
• Training Program
• Training Table
• Training Unit
• Training, Adaptations
• Training, Aerobic
• Training, Altitude
• Training, Planning
• Training-Induced Adaptations
• Transcription
• Transcription Factors
• Transcriptional Regulators
• Transferrin
• Transgenic
• Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
• Translation
• Translational Research
• Transplantation, Heart
• Triacylglycerol Metabolism
• Triacylglycerol Turnover
• Triathlon
• Triglyceride Transport
• Triglycerides
• T-Tubules
• Tumor
• Tumor Hypoxia
• Tumor Microenvironment
• Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
• Tumor Potential Doubling Time (Tpot)
• Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
• Type 2 Diabetes
• U
• Ubiquitination
• Ubiquitin-Proteasome System
• UL (Upper Intake Level)
• Ulcerative Colitis
• Ultra-Endurance
• Unexplained Underperformance
• Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI)
• V
• %VO2 max
• Valsalva Maneuver
• Variation
• Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule Number 1 (VCAM-1)
• Vascular Remodeling
• Vasoconstriction
• Vasodilation
• Vasodilator
• Vastus Lateralis
• VEGF
• Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
• Ventilatory Threshold
• Ventricular Assist
• Ventricular Assist Devices
• Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia
• Vessel Growth
• Veteran Athlete
• Visceral Adipose Tissue
• Viscous Force
• Visual Impairment
• Vitamin B12
• Vitamin D
• Vitamins
• VLDL
• VO2 On-Kinetics
• VO2max
• Volatile Buffer
• Volume of Exercise
• Von Willebrand Factor
• Vulnerability to Unintentional Loss of Balance
• W
• Wakefulness After Sleep Onset
• Warm-Up
• Water
• Water Balance
• Weak Acid
• Weakness
• Weight Lifting
• Weight Training
• Wet Suit
• Work Economy
• Work Efficiency
• World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
• World Anti-Doping Code (WADC)
• X
• Xanthene
• Xenografts
• X-Linked Degenerative Muscle Disease
• X-Linked Genetic Disorder
• Y
• Yearly Training Plan (YTP)
• Young Swimmer
• Young's modulus (Elastic modulus)
• Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test