The Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards effectively captures and integrates contributions from an international portfolio of specialists whose range of expertise addresses many topics pertinent to the field of natural hazards.

Table of Contents

• About the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series
• Contributors
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• A
• AA-LAVA - Robert Buchwaldt
• Accelerometer - Zhengwen Zeng and Lin Fa
• Acid Rain - Mary J. Thornbush
• Adaptation - Philipp Schmidt-Thomé and Sirkku Juhola
• Airphoto and Satellite Imagery - J. D. Mollard
• Albedo - Alan W. Harris
• Antecedent Conditions - Michael James Crozier, Nick Preston and Thomas Glade
• Arsenic in Groundwater - Arindam Basu
• Asteroid - Alan W. Harris
• Asteroid Impact - Christian Koeberl
• Asteroid Impact Mitigation - Clark R. Chapman
• Asteroid Impact Predictions - Brian G. Marsden
• Automated Local Evaluation in Real Time (ALERT) - Lev I. Dorman
• Avalanches - Chris Stethem
• Aviation (Hazards to) - Thomas Gerz and Ulrich Schumann
• Avulsion - Joann Mossa
• B
• Base Surge - Catherine J. Hickson
• Beach Nourishment (Replenishment) - Charles W. Finkl
• Beaufort Wind Scale - Tom Beer
• Biblical Events - Jerry T. Mitchell
• Body Wave - Zhengwen Zeng and Lin Fa
• Breakwaters - Giovanni Cuomo
• Building Code - Rohit Jigyasu
• Building Failure - Tiziana Rossetto
• Buildings, Structures, and Public Safety - John M. Logan
• C
• Calderas - James W. Cole
• Casualties Following Natural Hazards - Kerrianne Watt and Philip Weinstein
• Challenges to Agriculture - Julie A. March
• Civil Protection and Crisis Management - Scira Menoni and Antonio Pugliano
• Classification of Natural Disasters - Thomas Glade and David E. Alexander
• Climate Change - Jasper Knight
• Cloud Seeding - Steven T. Siems
• Coal Fire (Underground) - Glenn B. Stracher
• Coastal Erosion - Wayne Stephenson
• Coastal Zone Risk Management - Norm Catto
• Cognitive Dissonance - Jaroslaw Dzialek
• Collapsing Soil Hazards - Andrew J. Stumpf
• Comet - Paul R. Weissman
• Communicating Emergency Information - John H. Sorensen
• Community Management of Natural Hazards - William T. Hartwell
• Complexity Theory - William H. K. Lee
• Concrete Structures - Murat Saatcioglu
• Convergence - Ilan Kelman
• Coping Capacity - Virginia R. Burkett
• Cost-Benefit Analysis of Natural Hazard Mitigation - Sven Fuchs
• Costs (Economic) of Natural Hazards and Disasters - Howard Kunreuther and Erwann Michel-Kerjan
• Creep - Piotr Migoń
• Critical Incident Stress Syndrome - Ann M. Mitchell and Kirstyn Kameg
• Critical Infrastructure - Susanne Krings
• Cryological Engineering - Lukas U. Arenson and Sarah M. Springman
• Cultural Heritage and Natural Hazards - Piotr Migoń
• D
• Damage and the Built Environment - Adriana Galderisi and Andrea Ceudech
• Debris Avalanche - Marco Giardino
• Debris Flow - Oldrich Hungr
• Deep-seated Gravitational Slope Deformation - Mauro Soldati
• Desertification - Nicholas Lancaster
• Disaster Diplomacy - Ilan Kelman
• Disaster Relief - Jane Carter Ingram
• Disaster Research and Policy, History - J. C. Gaillard and Ilan Kelman
• Disaster Risk Management - N. Nirupama
• Disaster Risk Reduction - Walter J. Ammann
• Disasters - Ian Stewart
• Dispersive Soil Hazards - Andrew J. Stumpf
• Doppler Weather Radar - Rodger A. Brown
• Dose Rate - Cathy Scheib
• Drought - Suzanne Hollins and John Dodson
• Dust Bowl - Richard Seager and Benjamin I. Cook
• Dust Devil - Nilton O. Rennó
• Dust Storm - Nilton O. Rennó
• Dvorak Classification of Hurricanes - Raymond Zehr
• E
• Early Warning Systems - Graham S. Leonard, Chris E. Gregg and David M. Johnston
• Earthquake - John F. Cassidy
• Earthquake Damage - Nicolas Desramaut, Hormoz Modaressi and Gonéri Le Cozannet
• Earthquake Prediction and Forecasting - Alik T. Ismail-Zadeh
• Earthquake Resistant Design - Tiziana Rossetto and Philippe Duffour
• Economic Valuation of Life - Mohammed H. I. Dore and Rajiv G. Singh
• Economics of Disasters - Pierre-Alain Schieb
• Education and Training for Emergency Preparedness - Kevin R. Ronan
• Elastic Rebound Theory - John Ristau
• Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) - Norman Kerle
• El Niño/Southern Oscillation - Michael Ghil and Ilya Zaliapin
• Emergency Management - Michael K. Lindell
• Emergency Mapping - Frank Fiedrich and Sisi Zlatanova
• Emergency Planning - Scira Menoni
• Emergency Shelter - Camillo Boano and William Hunter
• Epicenter - Valerio Comerci
• Epidemiology of Disease in Natural Disasters - Gilbert M. Burnham
• Erosion - Matija Zorn and Blaž Komac
• Erosivity - Matija Zorn and Blaž Komac
• Eruption Types (Volcanic Eruptions) - Catherine J. Hickson, T. C. Spurgeon and R. I. Tilling
• Evacuation - Graham A. Tobin, Burrell E. Montz and Linda M. Whiteford
• Expansive Soils and Clays - Ghulappa S. Dasog and Ahmet R. Mermut
• Expert (Knowledge-Based) Systems for Disaster Management - Jean-Marc Tacnet and Corinne Curt
• Exposure to Natural Hazards - Jörn Birkmann
• Extensometers - Erik Eberhardt
• Extinction - Ross D. E. MacPhee
• Extreme Value Theory - Gianfausto Salvadori
• Eyjafjallajökull Eruptions 2010 - Freysteinn Sigmundsson
• F
• Fault - William A. Bryant
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) - Vincent R. Parisi
• Fetch - Norm Catto
• Fire and Firestorms - John Radke
• Flash Flood - Yang Hong, Pradeep Adhikari and Jonathan J. Gourley
• Flood Deposits - János Kovács
• Flood Hazard and Disaster - Yang Hong, Pradeep Adhikari and Jonathan J. Gourley
• Flood Protection - Fernando Nardi
• Flood Stage - Fernando Nardi
• Floodplain - Klement Tockner
• Floodway - Armand LaRocque
• Fog Hazard Mitigation - Steve LaDochy and Michael R. Witiw
• Fog Hazards - Paul J. Croft
• Föhn - Anita Bokwa
• Forest and Range Fires - George Eftychidis
• Frequency and Magnitude of Events - Lionel E. Jackson Jr.
• Frost Hazard - Leanne Webb and Richard L. Snyder
• Fujita Tornado Scale - Thomas W. Schmidlin
• Fumarole - Travis W. Heggie
• G
• Galeras Volcano, Colombia - Barry Voight and Marta L. Calvache
• Gas-Hydrates - Harsh K. Gupta and Kalachand Sain
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Natural Hazards - Paolo Tarolli and Marco Cavalli
• Geographic Information Technology - Brigitte Leblon
• Geohazards - Blaž Komac and Matija Zorn
• Geological/Geophysical Disasters - Richard Guthrie
• Glacier Hazards - John J. Clague
• Global Change and Its Implications for Natural Disasters - Gonéri Le Cozannet, Hormoz Modaressi and Nicolas Desramaut
• Global Dust - Edward Derbyshire
• Global Network of Civil Society Organizations for Disaster Reduction - Terry Gibson
• Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Natural Hazards - Norman Kerle
• Global Seismograph Network (GSN) - Allison Bent
• H
• Haiti Earthquake 2010: Psychosocial Impacts - James M. Shultz, Louis Herns Marcelin, Zelde Espinel, Sharon B. Madanes, Andrea Allen and Yuval Neria
• Harmonic Tremor - Melanie Kelman
• Hazard - Farrokh Nadim
• Hazard and Risk Mapping - Brian R. Marker
• Hazardousness of a Place - Netra Raj Regmi, John Rick Giardino and John D. Vitek
• Heat Waves - Gerd Tetzlaff
• High-Rise Buildings in Natural Disaster - Murat Saatcioglu
• Historical Events - Suzanne A. G. Leroy and Raisa Gracheva
• Hospitals in Disaster - Jeffrey N. Rubin
• Human Impacts of Hazards - Douglas Paton, David Johnston and Sarb Johal
• Humanity as an Agent of Natural Disasters - Thomas Glade and Andreas Dix
• Hurricane (Typhoon, Cyclone) - Robert Korty
• Hurricane Katrina - Joann Mossa
• Hydrocompaction Subsidence - Andrew J. Stumpf
• Hydrograph, Flood - Fernando Nardi
• Hydrometeorological Hazards - Gordon McBean
• Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015 - Pedro Basabe
• Hypocenter - Maurice Lamontagne
• I
• Ice and Icebergs - Norm Catto
• Ice Storms - Ronald E. Stewart
• Impact Airblast - Natalia Artemieva
• Impact Ejecta - Christian Koeberl
• Impact Fireball - Peter Brown
• Impact Firestorms - Tamara Goldin
• Impact Tsunamis - Galen Gisler
• Impact Winter - Owen Brian Toon
• Inclinometers - Erik Eberhardt
• Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2004 - Franck Lavigne, Raphaël Paris, Frédéric Leone, J. C. Gaillard and Julie Morin
• Induced Seismicity - Maurice Lamontagne
• Information and Communication Technology - Peter S. Anderson
• Insect Hazards - Philip Weinstein
• Insurance - Jaroslaw Dzialek
• Integrated Emergency Management System - Frank Fiedrich
• Intensity Scales - David Giles
• International Strategies for Disaster Reduction (IDNDR and ISDR) - Karl-Otto Zentel and Thomas Glade
• Internet, World Wide Web and Natural Hazards - Lucy Stanbrough
• Isoseismal - Valerio Comerci
• J
• Jökulhlaups - Marten Geertsema
• K
• Karst Hazards - Viacheslav Andreychouk and Andrzej Tyc
• Krakatoa (Krakatau) - Bill McGuire
• L
• Lahar - Richard B. Waitt
• Land Degradation - Matija Zorn and Blaž Komac
• Land Subsidence - Brian R. Marker
• Land Use, Urbanization, and Natural Hazards - Brian Marker
• Landsat Satellite - María Asunción Soriano
• Landslide - John J. Clague
• Landslide Dam - Reginald L. Hermanns
• Landslide Impacts - Michael James Crozier, Nick Preston and Thomas Glade
• Landslide Inventory - Javier Hervás
• Landslide Triggered Tsunami, Displacement Wave - Reginald L. Hermanns, Jean-Sébastien L'Heureux and Lars H. Blikra
• Landslide Types - David Cruden
• Land-Use Planning - Stefan Greiving and Philipp Schmidt-Thomé
• Lateral Spreading - Steven L. Kramer
• Lava - Robert Buchwaldt
• Levee - Joann Mossa
• Lightning - Leopoldo C. Cancio
• Liquefaction - Steven L. Kramer
• Livelihoods and Disasters - J. C. Gaillard
• Loess - János Kovács and György Varga
• M
• Macroseismic Survey - Roger M. W. Musson
• Magma - Catherine J. Hickson, T. C. Spurgeon and R. I. Tilling
• Magnitude Measures - David Giles
• Marginality - Ben Wisner
• Marine Hazards - Tore Jan Kvalstad
• Mass Media and Natural Disasters - Wojciech Biernacki
• Mass Movement - Roy C. Sidle
• Megacities and Natural Hazards - Norman Kerle and Annemarie Müller
• Mega-Fires in Greece (2007) - George Eftychidis
• Mercalli, Giuseppe (1850–1914) - Valerio Comerci
• Meteorite - Jay Melosh
• Methane Release from Hydrate - Graham Westbrook
• Mining Subsidence Induced Fault Reactivation - Laurance Donnelly
• Misconceptions About Natural Disasters - Timothy R. H. Davies
• Mitigation - Farrokh Nadim
• Modified Mercalli (MM) Scale - Valerio Comerci
• Monitoring Natural Hazards - Michel Jaboyedoff, Pascal Horton, Marc-Henri Derron, Céline Longchamp and Clément Michoud
• Monsoons - Song Yang, Viviane Silva and Wayne Higgins
• Montserrat Eruptions - Katherine Donovan
• Mortality and Injury in Natural Disasters - Shannon Doocy
• Mt Pinatubo - Katherine Donovan
• Mud Volcanoes - Behruz M. Panahi
• Mudflow - Christophe Ancey
• Myths and Misconceptions in Disasters - Alejandro López Carresi
• N
• Natural Hazard - Anita Bokwa
• Natural Hazards in Developing Countries - Paolo Paron
• Natural Radioactivity - Cathy Scheib
• Neotectonics - James P. McCalpin
• Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Colombia 1985 - Barry Voight, Marta L. Calvache, Minard L. Hall and Maria Luisa Monsalve
• North Anatolian Fault - Thomas Rockwell
• Nuée Ardente - Catherine J. Hickson, T. C. Spurgeon and R. I. Tilling
• O
• Overgrazing - Norm Catto
• Ozone - Tom Beer
• Ozone Loss - Mary J. Thornbush
• P
• Pacific Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (PTWS) - Laura S. L. Kong
• Pahoehoe Lava - Robert Buchwaldt
• Paleoflood Hydrology - Gerardo Benito
• Paleoseismology - Alan R. Nelson
• Paraglacial - Jasper Knight
• Perception of Natural Hazards and Disasters - Jaroslaw Dzialek
• Permafrost - Julian B. Murton
• Piezometer - Sylvi Haldorsen
• Piping Hazard - Michael James Crozier, Nick Preston and Thomas Glade
• Planning Measures and Political Aspects - Brian R. Marker
• Plate Tectonics - John Ristau
• Pore-Water Pressure - Mark E. Reid
• Post Disaster Mass Care Needs - Frank Fiedrich, John R. Harrald and Theresa Jefferson
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - Fran H. Norris
• Primary Wave (P-Wave) - Allison Bent
• Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) - Armand LaRocque
• Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) - Gerd Tetzlaff and Janek Zimmer
• Psychological Impacts of Natural Disasters - James M. Shultz, Yuval Neria, Andrea Allen and Zelde Espinel
• Pyroclastic Flow - Robert Buchwaldt
• Q
• Queensland Floods (2010–2011) and “Tweeting” - France Cheong and Christopher Cheong
• Quick Clay - Marten Geertsema
• Quick Sand - János Kovács
• R
• Radiation Hazards - Lev I. Dorman
• Radon Hazards - James D. Appleton
• Recovery and Reconstruction After Disaster - Michael K. Lindell
• Recurrence Interval - Glenn Biasi
• Red Cross and Red Crescent - Donald J. Shropshire
• Red Tides - Philip Weinstein
• Reflections on Modeling Disaster - David A. Etkin
• Release Rates - Pat E. Rasmussen
• Religion and Hazards - Heather Sangster, Angus M. Duncan and David K. Chester
• Remote Sensing of Natural Hazards and Disasters - Norman Kerle
• Reservoir, Dams, and Seismicity - Maurice Lamontagne
• Resilience - Adriana Galderisi and Floriana F. Ferrara
• Richter, Charles Francis (1900–1985) - Susan Hough
• Rights and Obligations in International Humanitarian Assistance - George Kent
• Rip Current - Wayne Stephenson
• Risk - Jörn Birkmann
• Risk Assessment - Suzanne Lacasse
• Risk Governance - Stefan Greiving and Thomas Glade
• Risk Perception and Communication - Michael K. Lindell
• Rock Avalanche (Sturzstrom) - Reginald L. Hermanns
• Rockfall - Fausto Guzzetti
• Rogue Wave - Norm Catto
• Rotational Seismology - William H. K. Lee
• S
• Sackung - Michael J. Bovis
• Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Intensity Scale - Ilan Kelman
• San Andreas Fault - William A. Bryant
• Santorini, Eruption - Yuri Gorokhovich
• Sea Level Change - Peter J. Hawkes
• Secondary Wave (S-Wave) - Allison Bent
• Sedimentation of Reservoirs - Anton J. Schleiss
• Seiche - Giovanni Cuomo
• Seismic Gap - John F. Cassidy
• Seismograph/Seismometer - Allison Bent
• Seismology - Alik T. Ismail-Zadeh
• Shear - Murat Saatcioglu
• Shield Volcano - Raphaël Paris
• Sinkhole - María Asunción Soriano
• Slide and Slump - Lionel E. Jackson Jr.
• Slope Stability - Kaare Høeg
• Snowstorm and Blizzard - Thomas W. Schmidlin
• Social–Ecological Systems - Fabrice G. Renaud
• Sociology of Disaster - Alison Herring
• Solar Flares - David H. Boteler
• Solifluction - Piotr Migoń
• Space Weather - David H. Boteler
• Storm Surges - Gonéri Le Cozannet, Hormoz Modaressi, Rodrigo Pedreros, Manuel Garcin, Yann Krien and Nicolas Desramaut
• Storms - Norm Catto
• Stratovolcanoes - Shane J. Cronin
• Structural Damage Caused by Earthquakes - Murat Saatcioglu
• Structural Mitigation - Murat Saatcioglu
• Subduction - Alik T. Ismail-Zadeh
• Subsidence Induced by Underground Extraction - Devin L. Galloway
• Sunspots - David H. Boteler
• Supernova - Lev I. Dorman
• Surge - Giovanni Cuomo
• Susceptibility - María José Domínguez-Cuesta
• T
• Tangshan, China (1976 Earthquake) - Zhengwen Zeng and Chenghu Wang
• Tectonic and Tectono-Seismic Hazards - James P. McCalpin
• Tectonic Tremor - David Shelly
• Thunderstorms - Colin Price
• Tidal Bores - Hubert Chanson
• Tiltmeters - Erik Eberhardt
• Time and Space in Disaster - Thomas Glade, Michael James Crozier and Nick Preston
• Tohoku, Japan (2011 Earthquake and Tsunami) - Kenji Satake
• Torino Scale - Norm Catto
• Tornadoes - Matthew R. Clark and R. P. Knightley
• Triggered Earthquakes - Harsh K. Gupta
• Tsunami - William Power and Graham S. Leonard
• Tsunami Loads on Infrastructure - Dan Palermo, Ioan Nistor and Murat Saatcioglu
• U
• Uncertainty - Philipp Schmidt-Thomé
• United Nations Organizations and Natural Disasters - Badaoui Rouhban
• Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) - Armand LaRocque
• Unreinforced Masonry Buildings - Fabio Taucer
• Urban Environments and Natural Hazards - Pat E. Rasmussen
• Usoi Landslide and Lake Sarez - Alexander Strom
• V
• Vaiont Landslide, Italy - Monica Ghirotti and Doug Stead
• Vesuvius - Bill McGuire
• Volcanic Ash - Thomas Wilson and Carol Stewart
• Volcanic Gas - Travis W. Heggie
• Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruptions - Sue C. Loughlin
• Vulnerability - Susan L. Cutter
• W
• Warning Systems - Graham S. Leonard, David M. Johnston and Chris E. Gregg
• Waterspout - Miquel Gayà
• Wenchuan, China (2008 Earthquake) - Zhengwen Zeng and Chenghu Wang
• Wildfire - Brigitte Leblon and Laura Bourgeau-Chavez
• World Economy, Impact of Disasters - Ilan Noy
• Worldwide Trends in Natural Disasters - Margreth Keiler
• Z
• Zoning - Philipp Schmidt-Thomé and Stefan Greiving