The handbook Global Environmental Change is intended to serve as a reliable and comprehensive resource to attend the needs of researchers, teachers, students, and professionals working in science and policy aspects relevant to environment and sustainability.

Table of Contents

• Preface
• About the Editor
• List of Contributors
• Part I Global Change and Climate - Brian D. Fath
• 1 Global Climate Change, Introduction - Natalia Fath and Brian D. Fath
• 2 Radiative Forcing and the Greenhouse Gases - David Szpunar
• 3 Reflective Aerosols and the Greenhouse Effect - Kathryn E. Kautzman
• 4 Water Cycles and Climate Change - Kevin E. Trenberth
• 5 Global Dimming and Brightening - Martin Wild
• 6 Paleoclimates - Thomas M. Cronin
• 7 Holocene Climate - Heinz Wanner
• 8 Changes in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide - Hua Lin
• Part II Global Change and Oceans - Ursula M. Scharler
• 9 Sea-Surface Temperature - Thomas M. Smith
• 10 Variations of Oceanic Heat Content - Matthew D. Palmer
• 11 Ocean Currents and Circulation and Climate Change - Henk A. Dijkstra
• 12 Sea Ice - Hugues Goosse
• 13 Ocean Acidification and Oceanic Carbon Cycling - Dieter A. Wolf-Gladrow and Björn Rost
• 14 Other Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen and Climate Change - Katja Fennel
• 15 Marine Net Primary Production - Zoe V. Finkel
• 16 Ecological Carbon Sequestration in the Oceans and Climate Change - Richard Sanders and Stephanie Henson
• 17 Ecosystem Resilience and Resistance to Climate Change - Bayden D. Russell and Sean D. Connell
• 18 Pelagic Ecosystems and Climate Change - Gregory Beaugrand
• 19 Coral Reefs and Climate Change - David Glassom
• 20 Land-Margin Ecosystems and Global Change - Donald F. Boesch
• 21 Marine Mammals – Natural and Anthropogenic Influences - Marthán Bester
• 22 Marine Bio-Resources and Climate Change - R. Ian Perry
• 23 Marine Biodiversity and Climate Change - Thomas Wernberg, Bayden D. Russell, Mads S. Thomsen and Sean D. Connell
• Part III Global Change and Freshwater Ecosystems - R. Jan Stevenson
• 24 Precipitation Regimes and Climate Change - Nathan Moore
• 25 Snow, Permafrost, Ice Cover, and Climate Change - Eugenie Euskirchen, Merritt Turetsky, Jonathan O'Donnell and Ronald P. Daanen
• 26 Glaciers and Climate Change - Regine Hock
• 27 Impacts of Projected Changes in Climate on Hydrology - David W. Hyndman
• 28 Productivity of Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change - John A. Downing
• 29 Lakes and Climate Change - a Paleoecological Perspective - John P. Smol
• 30 Threats to Freshwater Biodiversity in a Changing World - David Dudgeon
• 31 Wetland Ecosystems and Global Change - M. Siobhan Fennessy
• 32 Rivers and Global Change - R. Jan Stevenson
• 33 Lake Nutrients, Eutrophication, and Climate Change - John Jones and Michael T. Brett
• 34 Acidification, Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) and Climate Change - Mattias Winterdahl, Kevin Bishop and Martin Erlandsson
• Part IV Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems - M. Francesca Cotrufo
• 35 Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Introduction - M. Francesca Cotrufo
• 36 Terrestrial Plant Productivity and Carbon Allocation in a Changing Climate - Colleen Iversen and Richard Norby
• 37 Soil Organic Matter Dynamics, Climate Change Effects - Alain Plante and Richard T. Conant
• 38 Soil Trace Gas Emissions and Climate Change - Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Eugenio Diaz-Pines and Michael Dannenmann
• 39 Biogeochemical Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems - Individual Components, Interactions and Considerations Under Global Change - Kristen Freeman and Walter Oechel
• 40 Distribution of Terrestrial Ecosystems and Changes in Plant Community Composition - Michael J. Schuster, Lorena Torres Martinez and Jeffrey S. Dukes
• 41 Microbial Community-Level Responses to Warming and Altered Precipitation Patterns Determine Terrestrial Carbon-Climate Feedbacks - Matthew D. Wallenstein
• 42 Terrestrial Biodiversity and Climate Change - Mark A. Bradford and Robert J. Warren II
• 43 Water Deficits - Melinda Laituri
• 44 Desertification and Soil Erosion - Rattan Lal
• 45 Impacts of Global Change on Crop Production and Food Security - Serge Savary, Andrea Ficke and Clayton A. Hollier
• 46 Land Management Options for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change - Richard A. Houghton
• 47 Carbon Sequestration in Soil and Vegetation and Greenhouse Gases Emissions Reduction - Keith Paustian
• 48 Conservation Practices - Frank Lowenstein and Evan Girvetz
• Part V Urban Environments - Célia Alves
• 49 Global Change and Urban Atmospheres, Introduction - Erika von Schneidemesser and Paul S. Monks
• 50 Climate–Chemistry Interactions in the Urban Atmosphere - Ivar S. A. Isaksen, O. A. Søvde, Christos Zerefos and Kostas Eleftheratos
• 51 Climate Change and Air Quality - Anabela Carvalho, Helena Martins, Myriam Lopes and Ana Isabel Miranda
• 52 Heat Waves, Human Health, and Climate Change - Aurelio Tobias and Julio Diaz
• 53 Damage to Materials and Buildings in a Changing Urban Climate - Peter Brimblecombe
• 54 Urban Biodiversity and Climate Change - Jose Antonio Puppim de Oliveira, Christopher N. H. Doll, Raquel Moreno-Peñaranda and Osman Balaban
• 55 Reducing Emissions of Atmospheric Pollutants - Alexandra Monteiro, Jorge H. Amorim, J. Ferreira, Maria Elisa Sá and Carlos Borrego
• 56 Vegetation and Other Development Options for Mitigating Urban Air Pollution Impacts - Richard Baldauf and David Nowak
• 57 Urban Vegetation Facing Pollution and Over-Heating - Elena Paoletti, Ilaria Conese and Laura Bacci
• Part VI Global Change and Sustainable Development - Roderick J. Lawrence
• 58 Sustainable Development and Global Change - Roderick J. Lawrence
• 59 The Role of Policy - Kornelis Blok
• 60 Kyoto Protocol and Beyond - Geraldine Pflieger
• 61 Agenda 21 - Arthur Lyon Dahl
• 62 Tradable Permits for Greenhouse Gases - Catherine Ferrier
• 63 Taxation of Emissions of Greenhouse Gases - Andrea Baranzini and Stefano Carattini
• 64 Offset Systems and Greenhouse Gases - Adrien K. Lawrence
• 65 Population Growth and Global Change - Bill Freedman
• 66 Population Policies - Roderick J. Lawrence
• 67 Economic Growth and Global Change - Julien Forbat
• 68 Building Performance and Climate Change - Richard Hyde
• Part VII Global Change and Human Health - Ulisses E. C. Confalonieri
• 69 Global Change and Human Health, Introduction - Anthony J. McMichael
• 70 Climate Change, Extreme Weather and Climate Events, and Health Impacts - Aderita Sena, Carlos Corvalan and Kristie Ebi
• 71 Waterborne and Foodborne Diseases, Climate Change Impacts on Health - Corinne Schuster-Wallace, Sarah Dickin and Chris Metcalfe
• 72 Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vector-Borne Diseases, and Climate Change - Madeleine C. Thomson
• 73 Food and Water and Climate Change - Colin D. Butler
• 74 National and Global Monitoring and Surveillance Systems for the Health Risks of Global Change - Kristie Ebi
• 75 Health in the ‘Low-Carbon’ Economy - Andrew Haines and Paul Wilkinson
• Part VIII Global Change and Food Security - Marta G. Rivera Ferre
• 76 Global Change and Food Security, Introduction - Geoffrey Lawrence and Philip McMichael
• 77 Vulnerability of Food Security to Global Change - Polly Ericksen
• 78 Impacts of Climate Change on Food Availability: Agriculture - Christoph Müller
• 79 Impacts of Climate Change on Food Availability: Livestock - Feliu Lopez-i-Gelats
• 80 Impacts of Climate Change on Food Availability: Non-Timber Forest Products - Sheona Shackleton
• 81 Impacts of Climate Change on Food Availability: Distribution and Exchange of Food - Marta G. Rivera Ferre
• 82 Impacts of Climate Change on Food Accessibility - Colin Sage
• 83 Impacts of Climate Change on Food Utilization - Noora-Lisa Aberman and Cristina Tirado
• 84 Knowledge and Technological Requirements to Adapt to Climate Change - Benjamin Graeub, Samuel Ledermann and Hans R. Herren
• 85 Agroecology: Adaptation and Mitigation Potential and Policies for Climate Change - Janice Jiggins
• 86 The Socioeconomic Capability to Adapt to Climate Change - Petra Tschakert
• Part IX Greenhouse Gases and Geoengineering - Ben Kravitz
• 87 The Strategic Value of Geoengineering Research - Jane C. S. Long and John G. Shepherd
• 88 Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosols and Planetary Albedo - Simone Tilmes and Michael Mills
• 89 Cloud Brightening and Climate Change - Hannele Korhonen and Antti-Ilari Partanen
• 90 Maintaining and Enhancing Ecological Carbon Sequestration - Bill Freedman
• 91 Space Sunshades and Climate Change - Govindasamy Bala
• 92 Enhancing the Ocean's Role in CO2 Mitigation - Greg H. Rau
• Part X Social Aspects of Global Change - Deborah S. Rogers
• 93 Social Aspects of Global Change, Introduction - Deborah S. Rogers
• 94 Defining and Measuring Human Well-Being - David A. Clark
• 95 Vulnerability and Capacity - Ben Wisner and Maureen Fordham
• 96 Managing Risk and Responding to the Unknown - Ben Wisner and Maureen Fordham
• 97 Pollution and Pollution Control Through an Economic Lens - Randall Bluffstone
• 98 Governance Frameworks - Louis Meuleman
• 99 Linguistic and Cultural Homogenization in the Face of Global Change, a Subarctic Example - Annette Luttermann
• 100 Human Rights, Rights of the Earth, and Global Change - Martin Wagner
• 101 Environmental Ethics - Joseph Mazor
• 102 Socioeconomic Equity and Sustainability - Deborah S. Rogers
• 103 Mechanisms of Cultural Change and the Transition to Sustainability - Cody T. Ross, Peter J. Richerson and Deborah S. Rogers
• 104 Knowledge, Learning, and Societal Change for Sustainability - Chris Blackmore
• 105 Engaging Civil Society - Robert J. Brulle