The SAGE Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Society explores the social and policy sides of the pharmaceutical industry and its pervasive influence in society. While many technical STM works explore the chemistry and biology of pharmacology and an equally large number of clinically oriented works focus on use of illegal drugs, substance abuse, and treatment, there is virtually nothing on the immensely huge business ("Big Pharma") of creating, selling, consuming, and regulating legal drugs.

Table of Contents

• Reader’s Guide
• About the Editor
• Contributors
• Introduction
• Chronology
• Volume 1
• A
• Abbott Laboratories
• Abuse of Prescription Drugs
• Access to Essential Medicines as a Human Right: History
• Access to medicines (developing world)
• Access to Medicines (Industrialized World)
• Acetaminophen Overdose Risk
• Actavis
• Addiction to Prescription Drugs
• ADHD Drugs
• Adherence to Prescription Directions
• Adjudicated Claims Data
• Adolescents
• Adverse Drug Events Reporting Systems
• Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) And Adverse Events (AE)
• Advertising To Doctors
• Advertising To Patients
• African Americans
• AIDS/HIV Drugs
• Alcohol Cessation Drugs
• Allergan
• Aloe Vera (Herbal Medicine)
• American Board of Clinical Pharmacology
• American College of Clinical Pharmacy
• American Pharmacists Association
• American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
• Amgen
• Amphetamines
• Anabolic Steroids (Sport)
• Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (WHO)
• Animal Testing
• Antiaging Medicines
• Antianxiety Drugs
• Antiasthma Drugs
• Antibiotic Revolution, The
• Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance
• Antibiotics
• Anticaries Drugs
• Anticholesterol Drugs
• Anticoagulants
• Anticonvulsant Drugs
• Antidepressants
• Antidiabetic Medications
• Anti-Doping Convention, Council of Europe
• Antihistamines
• Antihypertensive Drugs
• Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
• Antimalarials
• Antiparasitic Drugs
• Antipsychiatry Movement
• Antipsychotics
• Antipyretic Drugs
• Appetite Depressants And Stimulants
• Arts: Prescription Drugs And Creativity
• Asian Americans
• Aspirin
• Astellas Pharma
• Astemizole (Hismanal) Controversy
• Astrazeneca
• Athletes
• Australia
• Austria
• Autism And Vaccines
• Ayurvedic Medicine
• B
• BALCO Scandal
• Baseball and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
• Bath Salts (Synthetic Cathinones)
• Baxter International
• Bayer
• Behavioral Pharmacology And Substance Abuse
• Belgium
• Belladonna (Traditional Medicine/Poison)
• Beta-Blockers (Sport)
• Biogen Idec
• Biological Passport (Sport)
• Blood Doping
• Boehringer Ingelheim
• Boxing and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
• British Pharmacological Society, The
• C
• Canada
• Canada: Variation In Prescription Drug Benefits By Province/Territory
• Canadian Provincial Databases
• Canadian Society Of Pharmacology And Therapeutics
• Cancer, Drug Treatments For
• Canon Of Medicine, The (Avicenna)
• Cardiovascular Drugs
• Cardiovascular Pharmacology
• Celgene
• Centers For Disease Control And Prevention
• Central Nervous System Depressants and Stimulants
• Cerivastatin (Baycol, Lipobay) Controversy
• Chamomile (Herbal Medicine)
• Chemical Fertilizers: Human Health Effects
• Chemoprevention
• Children
• Chili (Capsaicin)
• China
• Classical Pharmacology
• Clinical Field Studies
• Clinical Pharmacology
• Clinical Pharmacology: Developing Countries
• Clinical Pharmacology:Industrialized Countries
• Clinical Trials
• Clinical Trials, History of
• Club Drugs
• Cocaine
• Cognitive Enhancers
• Colombia
• Common Rule, The
• Comparative Effectiveness Research
• Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act (1996)
• Computer-Aided Drug Design
• Conscience Clause
• Controlled Substances Act
• Cosmetic Pharmacology
• Costa Rica
• Cost-Effectiveness Research
• Counterfeit Drugs/Medicines
• Cuban Society For Pharmacology
• Curandero
• Cycling and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
• Volume 2
• D
• Daiichi Sankyo
• Dartmouth College
• DeclarationofHelsinki (1975)
• Decongestants
• Deinstitutionalization Movement
• Denmark
• Des (Diethylstilbestrol) Controversy
• Developing Countries, Residents Of
• Diffusion of New Pharmaceutical Drugs
• Digitalis
• Directly Observed Therapy, Short-Course
• Discrimination in Prescribing Practice
• Disease Concept of Addiction: History
• Disease Management
• Diuretics
• Diuretics and Masking Agents (Sport)
• Dosage Safety Measures
• Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965
• Drug Allergies
• Drug Discovery And Development
• Drug Enforcement Administration (U.S.)
• Drug Interactions
• Drug Labeling: Developing World
• Drug Labeling: Industrialized World
• Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act (1984)
• Drug Testing, High School And College Athletes (U.S.)
• Drug Testing, Olympic Athletes (Overview)
• Drug Testing, Professional Athletes (Overview)
• Drug-Resistant Diseases
• Drugs as Study AIDS
• E
• Efalizumab (Raptiva) Controversy
• Egbogi (Traditional Yoruba Medicine)
• Eisai
• Elderly People
• Eli Lilly
• Encepp Database (European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance)
• Endocrine Pharmacology
• Ephedra (Herbal Medicine)
• EPO (Erythropoietin)
• Equity Pricing of Essential Medicines
• Ethics of Performance-Enhancing Drugs In Sport
• Ethnobotany
• EudraCT (European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials)
• EudraPharm (European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Pharmaceutical Database)
• European Medicines Agency
• F
• False Claims Act (“Lincoln Law”)
• Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)
• Fen-Phen (Fenfluramine/Phentermine) Controversy
• Fertility Control
• Fertility Control: History
• Fertility Drugs
• Fluoridation (Drinking Water)
• Food Additives
• Food and Drug Administration (U.S.)
• Football (American) and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
• France
• G
• Game of Shadows (Mark Fainaru-Wada and Lance Williams)
• Gastric Drugs
• Genentech
• General Practice Research Database (UK)
• Generic Medicines
• Geographic Variation in Prescribing Practices
• Germany
• Gilead Sciences
• Ginseng (Herbal Medicine)
• Glucocorticosteroids (Sport)
• Gray Market Drugs
• H
• Hallucinogens
• Harm Reduction Policies
• Health Care Fraud: United States
• Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP)
• Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS)
• Heroin
• Heroin-Assisted Treatment
• Hispanic Americans
• History of Pharmacological Treatments for Mental Health
• History of Pharmacology: Ancient China
• History of Pharmacology: Ancient Egypt
• History of Pharmacology: Europe
• History of Pharmacology: Europe, Middle Ages
• History of Pharmacology: U.S., Colonial Period to 1865
• History of Pharmacology: U.S., 1865 to 1900
• History of Pharmacology: U.S., 1900 to 1945
• History of Pharmacology: U.S., 1945 to Present
• History of Pharmacy as a Profession: Africa
• History of Pharmacy as a Profession: Europe
• History of Pharmacy as a Profession: Middle East
• History Of Pharmacy As A Profession: United States
• HMO Research Network (19 Regional Health Care Delivery Organizations)
• Homeopathy
• Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
• Hospice Treatment
• Hospital Administrative Data
• Human Subjects Research: Standards And Protections
• Human Subjects Research In Developing Countries
• Hypnotics and Sedatives
• I
• Ibogaine
• Immigrants and Refugees
• India
• Indigenous And Ethnic Minorities: Aotearoa New Zealand
• Inhalants
• Intellectual Property Rights
• International Opium Convention (1912)
• International Pharmaceutical Federation
• International Society For Ethnopharmacology
• International Society For Pharmacoepidemiology
• International Society Of Regulatory Toxicology And Pharmacology
• J
• Jamu (Traditional Indonesian Medicine)
• Japan
• Johnson & Johnson
• K
• Kampo (Traditional Japanese Medicine)
• Karolinska Institute (Sweden)
• Kefauver-Harris Amendments (1962)
• Khat
• King’s College London
• L
• Legal Issues In Testing For Performance-Enhancing Drugs
• Lethal Injection
• Levamisole (Ergamisol) Controversy
• Lifestyle Drugs
• Low-Income People
• Low-Literacy And Illiterate People
• LSD
• Lyme Disease, Treatments for
• M
• Mail-Order Pharmacies
• Marketed Health Products Directorate (Canada)
• Mass Drug Administration
• Materia Medica
• MDMA (Ecstasy)
• Me Too Drugs
• Medicaid: Prescription Drug Benefits
• Medicaid and Medicare Systems
• Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)
• Medical Marijuana Legislation (Canada)
• Medical Marijuana Legislation (Europe)
• Medical Marijuana Legislation (Israel)
• Medical Marijuana Legislation (U.S.)
• Medicare: Prescription Drug Benefits
• Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (2003)
• Medication Errors
• Medicare: Prescription Drug Benefits
• Medicinal Plant Species Threatened with Extinction
• Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (UK)
• Men
• Mental Health Parity
• Merck
• Methamphetamine
• Methaqualone (Quaalude) Controversy
• Mexico
• Military Pharmaceutical Issues
• MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus)
• Muti (Traditional Southern African Medicine)
• Mylan
• Volume 3
• N
• Narcotic Antagonists
• Narcotics (Prescription)
• National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NIH)
• National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NIH)
• National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act
• National Institute for Biological Standards and Control
• Native Americans/Alaska Natives
• Native Hawai‘ians/Pacific Islanders
• Naturopathy
• Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
• Netherlands
• Neuro-Enhancement Through Pharmacy
• Neuropharmacology
• Nganga (Traditional African Healers)
• Nicotine
• Nomifensine (Merital, Alival) Controversy
• Noonday Demon, The: An Atlas of Depression (Andrew Solomon)
• Normal: Definitions And Controversy
• Novo Nordisk
• Nutritional Supplements: History
• Nycomed
• O
• Off-Label Use Of Pharmaceuticals
• Olympics, Summer: Performance-Enhancing Drugs
• Olympics, Winter: Performance-Enhancing Drugs
• Online Pharmacies
• Opiate Replacement Programs
• Opioid Prescription Abuse, Misuse, and Overuse
• Opium (Herbal Medicine)
• Organisation For Economic Co-Operation and Development
• Orphan Diseases, Drugs for
• Over-The-Counter (OTC) Drugs
• P
• Pain Control
• Pain Disorders
• Patient Activism
• Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)
• Patient Rights
• PCP (Drug Of Abuse)
• Pediatric Rule (U.S., 1998)
• Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Sports: History
• Pesticides: Human Health Effects
• Pfizer
• Pharmaceutical Benefits within Health Insurance Plans: U.S.
• Pharmaceutical Fraud
• Pharmaceutical Law
• Pharmaceutical Policy: International Cooperation
• Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
• Pharmacists: Training and Certification
• Pharmacoeconomics
• Pharmacogenomics
• Pharmacoinformatics
• Pharmacology for Africa Initiative
• Pharmacology to Control and Punish
• Pharmacovigilance
• Pharmacy Benefit Managers
• Pharmacy Technicians: Training and Certification
• PHARMO Record Linkage System (The Netherlands)
• Phenacetin Controversy
• Phenformin (Azucaps) Controversy
• Philippines
• Phytochemicals
• Polio Eradication Campaign
• Polypharmacy
• Prescription Drug Approval Process: Asia
• Prescription Drug Approval Process: Australia
• Prescription Drug Approval Process: Canada
• Prescription Drug Approval Process: Europe
• Prescription Drug Approval Process: U.S.
• Prescription Drug User Fee Act (1992)
• Prescription-Event Monitoring (PEM) Database (University Of Portsmouth, UK)
• Prescriptive Authority
• Prison Pharmaceutical Issues
• Procter & Gamble
• Project Bioshield Act (2004)
• Propoxyphene (Darvon, Darvocet) Controversy
• Pseudoephedrine, Restriction of Access to
• Psilocybin
• Psychopharmacology
• Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
• Q
• Quality of Life Research
• R
• Race-Based Pharmaceuticals
• Racial Minorities: Asia
• Racial Minorities: Canada
• Racial Minorities: Caribbean
• Racial Minorities: Europe
• Racial Minorities: Latin America
• RAND Health Insurance Experiment (1974–1982)
• Rational Drug Design
• Rational Prescribing
• Reimportation of Prescription Drugs
• Rimonabant (Acomplia) Controversy
• Rofecoxib (Vioxx) Controversy
• Russia
• Rxnorm (National Library of Medicine)
• S
• Safety Pharmacology Society
• Salvia (Drug of Abuse)
• Sanofi-Aventis
• Scheduled Drugs (U.S.)
• SCHIP (State Children’s Health Insurance Program): Prescription Drug Benefits
• Sex Offenders, Pharmacological Interventions for
• Sex Reassignment Therapy and Prescription Drugs
• Sexual Minorities
• Shooting Sports and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
• Siddha Medicine (Dravidian Culture)
• Singapore
• Sinopharm Group Company Limited
• Smallpox Eradication
• Smoking Cessation Drugs
• Smuggling of Drugs of Abuse
• Smuggling of Prescription Drugs
• South Africa
• State-Sponsored Sports Doping Programs
• Stimulants (Sport)
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
• Sunscreening Agents
• Swimming and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
• Swiss Society Of Pharmacology And Toxicology
• Switzerland
• Synthetic Marijuana
• Volume 4
• T
• Takeda Pharmaceutical Co.
• Technology and Pharmacy Practice
• Tennis and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
• Teva Pharmaceutical Industries
• Thalidomide (Contergan) Controversy
• Therapeutic Use Exemption (Performance-Enhancing Drugs)
• Title X Family Planning Program (1970)
• Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament (Jamison)
• Track and Field and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
• Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Africa
• Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Australia and New Zealand
• Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Canada
• Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: East Asia
• Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Europe
• Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Latin America
• Traditional And Herbal Medicines, Regulation: South Asia
• Traditional And Herbal Medicines, Regulation: United States
• Traditional Medicine: Australia (Bush Medicine)
• Traditional Medicine: Central America
• Traditional Medicine: China
• Traditional Medicine: Native American Tribes
• Traditional Medicine: South Africa
• Traditional Medicine: South America
• Traditional Medicine: Tibet
• Traditional Medicine: Vietnam
• Tranquilizers
• Translational Pharmacology
• TRIPS Agreement (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights), Doha Declaration, and TRIPS Plus
• Trovafloxacin (Trovan) Controversy
• Tuskegee Experiment
• Tylenol Tampering Case
• U
• Unani (Muslim Traditional Medicine)
• United Kingdom
• United States: 1800 to 1850
• United States: 1851 to 1900
• United States: 1901 to 1950
• United States: 1951 to Present
• University Of California, San Diego
• University Of California, San Francisco
• University of Oxford
• University of Toronto
• University of Washington
• U.S. Anti-Doping Agency
• U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention
• V
• Vaccination: National and International Programs
• Vaccines
• Valerian (Herbal Medicine)
• Venereal Disease Treatment: History
• Venereal Diseases, Treatments For
• Veterans Administration (U.S.): Prescription Drug Benefits
• Veterinary Pharmacology
• W
• Water Pollution (Prescription Drugs)
• WHO Model Lists Of Essential Medicines
• Women
• World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
• World Health Organization
• Y
• Yellow Card Scheme
• Z
• Zero-Tolerance Drug Policies
• Zimelidine (Zelmid) Controversy
• Glossary
• Resource Guide
• Appendix: Primary Documents