This encyclopedia offers a state-of-the-art survey informed by the very latest theory and research. It combines this breadth of coverage with the authority and international perspective of an experienced editorial team, creating a definitive reference resource for students, scholars, and professionals in these interdisciplinary and dynamic fields.

Table of Contents

• About the Editors
• Notes on Contributors
• Lexicon
• Introduction
• Acknowledgments
• A
• Abortion and Crime
• Abuse of Animals
• Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences
• Accomplices
• Accreditation of Criminal Justice Agencies
• Actus Reus
• Adler Freda
• Adversary System
• Aftercare and Reentry
• Age
• Agriculture Crime
• Akers Ronald
• Alcohol Use and Crime
• Alternative Dispute Resolution
• American Civil Liberties Union
• American Correctional Association
• American Society of Criminology
• Amnesty and Pardon
• Ancient Legal Traditions
• Animals as Victims
• Appeal
• Appellate Courts
• Arraignment
• Arrest
• Arson
• Art Crime
• Assassination
• Assault and Battery
• Assignment of Counsel for Indigents
• Attempt and Incomplete Offenses
• Auburn System
• B
• Bail
• Bail Bondsmen
• Balanced and Restorative Justice
• Battered Woman Syndrome
• Beccaria Cesare
• Bentham Jeremy
• Bill of Rights
• Biological Theories of Crime
• Biosocial Explanations of Crime
• Blended Sentencing
• Blumstein Alfred
• Boot Camps
• Boot Camps for Juveniles
• Braithwaite John
• Bribery
• Broken Windows
• Bullying
• Burglary
• C
• Campus Crime
• Capital Punishment and Costs
• Capital Punishment and Deterrence
• Capital Punishment and Legal Standing
• Capital Punishment and Wrongful Convictions
• Careers in Corrections
• Careers in Courts and Adjudication
• Careers in Criminal Justice, Private Sector
• Careers in Forensic Science
• Careers in Law Enforcement
• Case Study Research
• Causation
• Certification of Criminal Justice Academic Programs
• Chambliss William
• Chemical Castration
• Chesney-Lind Meda
• Child Abuse
• Child Savers
• Child Soldiers
• Child Victims
• Civic Engagement
• Civil Disobedience
• Civil Liberties
• Civil Remedies for Crime Victims
• Civil Rights and Criminal Justice
• Civilian Review Boards
• Classical Criminology
• Cloward Richard
• Collective Efficacy
• Colonial America Criminal Justice
• Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children
• Common Law Justice Systems
• Community Corrections
• Community Policing
• Competency to Stand Trial
• Compstat
• Conflict Theories of Crime
• Consent Defense
• Conspiracy
• Constitution and Criminal Justice
• Content Analysis
• Convict Leasing
• Corporal Punishment
• Corporate Crime
• Corporate Criminal Liability
• Corpus Delicti
• Corrections Officers
• Corruption
• Costs of Crime (Issues in Measurement)
• Costs of Crime Victimization
• Counterfeiting
• Counter-Terrorism
• Cressey Donald
• Crime Drop of the 1990s
• Crime and the Economy
• Crime Mapping
• Crime Victims and the Media
• Crimes Against Humanity
• Criminal Identification, History of
• Criminal Justice Process
• Criminal Responsibility
• Criminal Sanctions
• Criminology
• Criminology, History of
• Critical Criminology
• Cross-Sectional Research Design
• Cruel and Unusual Punishment and the Eighth Amendment
• Cybercrime and Computer Crime
• D
• Dark Figure of Crime (Problems of Estimation)
• Date Rape
• Day Fines
• Decriminalization
• Defense Counsel
• Defenses to Criminal Liability
• Deinstitutionalization
• Delinquency of Minors, Contributing to
• Delinquency Prevention
• Department of Homeland Security
• Determinate Sentencing
• Deviance
• Differential Association Theory
• Differential Opportunity Theory
• Digital Forgery
• Digital Piracy
• Diminished Capacity
• Discovery
• Disenfranchisement of Felons
• Disproportionate Minority Confinement
• Disproportionate Minority Contact
• Distance Learning
• Diversion
• Domestic Violence
• Double Jeopardy
• Driving Under the Influence
• Drug Control Policy
• Drug Courts
• Drug Crimes
• Drug Enforcement
• Drug Trafficking
• Drug Use
• Due Process
• Due Process and Juvenile Justice
• Dueling
• Durkheim Emile
• E
• Education and Crime
• Education and Training in Law
• Eighth Amendment and Juveniles
• Elder Abuse
• Elderly Inmates
• Electronic Monitoring
• Electronic Surveillance
• Elements of a Crime
• Embezzlement
• Employee Theft
• Entrapment
• Environmental Crime
• Environmental Criminology
• Environmental Design
• Ethics and Criminal Justice Professions
• Europol
• Evaluation Research
• Exclusionary Rule
• Exclusionary Rule, Exceptions to
• Expert Witness
• Extortion and Blackmail
• Eyewitness Identification
• F
• Families
• Families of Law
• Family Court
• Farrington David
• Fear of Crime
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
• The Beginning, 1908–1923
• Organization
• Personnel
• Reports and Publications
• Federal Law Enforcement
• Federal Prosecutors
• Felonies
• Felony Courts
• Female Genital Mutilation
• Females in the Juvenile Justice System
• Feminist Theories of Criminal Behavior
• Fifth Amendment
• Fifth Amendment and Juveniles
• Fines, Forfeiture, and Fees
• Firearms
• Firearms Trafficking
• Foreign Language
• Forensic Evidence
• Forensic Science
• Fourth Amendment
• Fourth Amendment and Juveniles
• Fraud
• Furlough
• G
• Gambling
• Geis Gilbert
• Gender
• General Strain Theory
• Genetic Theories of Criminal Behavior
• Genetics and Crime
• Genocide
• Geographic Location
• Globalization and Crime
• Grand Jury
• Group Homes/Foster Care
• Gun Control Policy
• H
• Habeas Corpus
• Halfway Houses
• Hate Crime
• Hate Crime (Issues in Measurement)
• Hate Crime—Sexual Orientation
• Hirschi Travis
• Historical Research Methods
• Homeland Security
• Homicide, Criminal (Manslaughter)
• Homicide, Criminal (Murder)
• Hoover J. Edgar
• House Arrest
• Human Ecology
• Human Rights
• Human Smuggling
• Human Trafficking
• Human Trafficking (Issues in Measurement)
• I
• Identity Theft
• Illegal Immigrants and Corrections
• Immigration, Crime, and Criminal Justice
• Immunity
• Indeterminate Sentencing
• Indictment
• Indigent Defendants
• Initial Appearance
• Inmate Subcultures
• Innocence Project
• Insanity Defense
• Institutional Anomie Theory
• Intellectual Property Theft
• Intelligence and Crime
• Intelligence-led Policing
• Intensive Supervision Programs
• Intermediate Sanctions
• International Crime Victims Survey
• International Crimes
• International Criminal Justice Standards
• International Criminal Law
• International Guidelines on Victimization
• International Law Enforcement
• International Legal Status of Children
• International Rates of Imprisonment
• International and Supranational Courts
• Internships
• Interpol
• Interrogations and Confessions
• Intimate Partner Violence
• Intoxication Defense
• Irwin John
• Islamic Law Justice Systems
• J
• Jails
• Judge, Role of
• Judicial Selection at the State Level
• Judicial Selection and Removal at the Federal Level
• Judicial Training
• Jurisdiction
• Jury Selection and Behavior
• Jury Trial
• Justice on the American Frontier
• Juvenile Arrests
• Juvenile Court
• Juvenile Delinquency Trends
• Juvenile Detention
• Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
• Juvenile Probation
• Juvenile Sex Offenders
• Juvenile Street Gangs
• Juvenile Violence
• Juveniles and Criminal Procedure
• Juveniles Tried as Adults
• Juveniles as Victims
• K
• Kidnapping
• L
• Labeling and Symbolic Interaction Theories of Crime
• Labor History and Violence
• Larceny (Theft)
• Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
• Learning Communities
• Left Realism Theory
• Legal Profession, History of
• Legal Rights of Prisoners
• Life-Course and Development Theories of Crime
• Loansharking
• Lombroso Cesare
• Longitudinal Research
• Lynching
• M
• McCord Joan
• McKay Henry
• Mandatory Sentences
• Maritime Piracy, History of
• Marxist Criminology
• Mass Murder
• Matza David
• Media
• Mens Rea
• Mental Illness and Crime
• Merton Robert
• Meta-Analysis
• Military Law Enforcement
• Miranda Warning
• Misdemeanor Courts
• Mistake of Fact/Mistake of Law
• Mixed Methods
• Money Laundering
• Moral Development
• Motion to Suppress
• Mounted Police Tradition
• Mueller Gerhard O. W.
• Municipal Law Enforcement
• N
• National Institute of Justice
• National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
• National Prison Congress
• Nativism
• Necessity
• Ness Eliot
• New York City Police Department
• NIBRS
• O
• Obscenity and Pornography
• Obstruction of Justice
• Offender Classification
• Official Records
• Ohlin Lloyd
• Organized Crime
• Overcriminalization
• P
• Parens Patriae
• Parental Responsibility for Juveniles' Acts
• Parental Rights, Termination of
• Parole and Parolees
• Peacemaking Criminology
• Peel Robert and The Metropolitan Police
• Peer Groups and Delinquency
• Penal Colonies
• Pennsylvania System
• Perjury
• Petersilia Joan
• Piracy in Colonial Era
• Plea-bargaining
• Police and Civil Liability
• Police Culture
• Police Discretion
• Police Handling of Crime Victims
• Police History, United States
• Police Misconduct
• Police Operations
• Police Patrol
• Police Pursuits
• Police Stress
• Police Training
• Police Use of Force
• Policewomen and Matrons
• Policing Juveniles
• Policy Research
• Political Patronage
• Politics and Crime Policy
• Pornography
• Positive Criminology
• Post Conviction Review
• Power Control Theory
• Prediction of Crime (Issues in Measurement)
• Prejudicial Pretrial Publicity
• Preliminary Hearing
• Presentence Investigation Report
• Pretrial Detention
• Pretrial Diversion
• Pretrial Release
• Pretrial Service Agencies
• Prison Administration
• Prison Gangs
• Prison Riots
• Prison Violence
• Prison Work
• Prisonization
• Prisons
• Prisons for Juveniles
• Prisons, Privatization of
• Private Police Services
• Probable Cause
• Probation and Probationers
• Problem-oriented Policing
• Problem-solving Courts
• Professionalism in Corrections
• Progressive Era
• Prosecutor
• Prosecutorial Discretion
• Prostitution
• Protection against Self-Incrimination
• Protection of Human Subjects
• Psychological Theories of Crime
• Q
• Qualitative Research
• Quantitative Research
• Quasi-Experimental Designs
• Quinney Richard
• R
• Race/Ethnicity
• Racial Profiling
• Racial Profiling (Issues in Measurement)
• Racketeering
• Rampage Killings
• Rape and Sexual Assault
• Rational Choice Theory
• Reasonable Suspicion
• Reasonableness Standard
• Recidivism (Issues in Measurement)
• Reckless Walter
• Reformatory Movement
• Rehabilitation
• Rehabilitation for Juveniles
• Reiss Albert
• Reliability
• Religion/Ideology and Crime
• Repeat Victimization
• Residential Treatment Centers
• Restitution
• Restorative Justice
• Retribution
• Right to Counsel
• Rioting in America
• Roaring Twenties
• Robbery
• Routine Activities and Crime
• Rural Policing
• S
• Sampling
• Scarpitti Frank
• School Crime (Problems in Measurement)
• School Crime and Violence
• Schools
• Search and Seizure
• Search Warrant Exceptions
• Search Warrants
• Secondary Data Analysis
• Selective Incapacitation
• Self-Control Theory
• Self-Defense
• Self-Report Surveys
• Sellin Thorsten
• Sentencing
• Sentencing Guidelines
• Serial Murder
• Service Learning
• Sex Crimes
• Sex Offenders
• Sex in Prison
• Shaming Punishments
• Shaw Clifford
• Sheriffs and County Law Enforcement
• Sheriff's Departments
• Sherman Lawrence
• Shock Probation
• Shoplifting
• Short James
• Sixth Amendment
• Sixth Amendment and Juveniles
• Smuggling of Cultural Artifacts
• Social Bandits
• Social Bonding Theory
• Social Control Theories
• Social Disorganization Theory
• Social Learning Theory
• Social Process Theories
• Sources of Criminal Law (Statutes, Case Law, Ordinances, Regulations)
• Southern Crime and Justice
• Stalking and Cyberstalking
• State Law Enforcement
• State Prosecutors
• Status Offenders/Offenses
• Statutory Rape
• Stolen Goods Markets
• Strain Theory
• Strict Liability
• Subcultural Theories of Crime
• Substantive versus Procedural Criminal Law
• Suicide, Assisted
• Suicide by Cop
• Survey Research
• Suspended Sentence
• Sutherland Edwin
• Sykes Gresham
• T
• Tannenbaum Frank
• Teen Courts
• Terrorism, Domestic
• Terrorism, International
• Theoretical Integration
• Theory and Public Policy
• Therapeutic Communities
• Three Strikes Laws
• Torture
• Trafficking in Body Parts (Organs)
• Training in Corrections
• Training in Law Enforcement
• Transfer of Juveniles to Adult Court
• Transnational Gangs
• Transnational Organized Crime
• Treason
• Trespass
• Truth in Sentencing
• U
• United Nations Crime Conventions
• United Nations Role in International Criminal Justice
• US Marshals
• USA Patriot Act
• V
• Validity
• Victim Advocacy
• Victim Compensation Programs
• Victim Impact Statements
• Victim–Offender Relationship
• Victim Precipitation
• Victim Profiles
• Victim/Witness Services in Juvenile Court
• Victimization, Theories of
• Victimization Patterns
• Victimization Surveys
• Victimless Crime
• Victimology
• Victims of Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking
• Victims' Rights
• Vigilantism
• Violence Against Women Act
• Vollmer August
• Voyeurism and Exhibitionism
• W
• Warehousing Prisoners
• Watch and Ward System
• White-collar Crimes
• Wilderness Programs
• Wilson James Q.
• Wilson O. W.
• Witch Hunts
• Witnesses, Examination of
• Wolfgang Marvin
• Women in Prison
• Workplace Violence
• Wrongful Convictions