Arranged alphabetically, this accessible glossary provides a quick source of reference for a range of readers, from students of linguistics to educators who need help navigating the vocabulary of Bilingualism.

Table of Contents

• Preface
• The Key Concepts
• Aa
• 4-M model
• Access
• Acculturation Model
• Accuracy
• Achievement
• Achievement gap
• Acoustic phonetics
• Acquisition
• Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
• Activation
• Active knowledge
• Additive bilingualism
• Affective Filter Hypothesis
• Age
• Age of arrival (AO)
• Ambilingual
• Amerindian
• Aphasia
• Approach
• Aptitude
• Articulatory phonetics
• Assessment
• Assimilation
• Asymmetry
• Attainment
• Attitude
• Attrition
• Audio-lingual method (ALM)
• Autobiographical memory
• Bb
• Babbling
• Babbling drift
• Balanced bilingual
• Behaviorism/behaviorist
• BICS (basic interpersonal communication skills)
• Bidialectal
• Bilingual
• Bilingual contact languages
• Bilingual education
• Bilingual families
• Bilingual First Language Acquisition (BFLA)
• Bilingual interactive activation (BIA)
• Bilingual interactive model of lexical access (BIMOLA)
• Bilingual language phenomena
• Bilingual lexicon
• Bilingual programs
• Bilingual Syntax Measure (BSM)
• Bilingualism
• Bilinguality
• Biliterate/biliteracy
• Biologically transmitted (biological transmission)
• Bootstrapping
• Borderlands
• Borrowing
• Bottom-up
• Brain-imaging technique
• Broca's aphasia (also known as motor aphasia, efferent motor aphasia, and verbal aphasia)
• Broca's area
• Cc
• CALP (Cognitive/academic language proficiency)
• Calque
• Canonical babbling
• Caretaker speech
• Cartesian linguistics
• Categorical perception
• Census surveys
• Cerebral cortex
• Charter school
• Child-directed speech
• CHILDES (Child Language Data Exchange System)
• Chomsky, Noam
• Code
• Code-switching
• Code-switching constraints
• Cognition
• Cognitive revolution
• Cognitive science(s)
• Cognitive style
• Cognitivism
• Cohort model
• Communicative competence
• Communicative language testing
• Communication theory
• Community
• Community bilingualism
• Community of practice (CoP)
• Competence
• Compound bilingual (Type B)
• Comprehensible input
• Compressed speech
• Computational modeling
• Connectionism/connectionist models
• Consecutive language acquisition
• Constructivism
• Contact
• Contact language (or variety)
• Contact linguistics
• Contact phenomena
• Content word/item
• Content-based ESL
• Continuity assumption
• Continuity-discontinuity
• Continuum
• Contralateral connections
• Contrastive analysis (CA)
• Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH)
• Contrastive rhetoric (CR)
• Conversational code-switching
• Cooing
• Coordinate bilingual (Type A)
• Corpus callosum
• Creole
• Creolistics
• Creolization
• Criterion-based testing
• Critical literacy
• Critical (or sensitive) period
• Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH)
• Cross-cultural communication
• CT (Roentgen-ray computed tomography)
• Cultural literacy
• Cultural pluralism
• Culturally transmitted (cultural transmission)
• Culture
• Cummins, James (Jim)
• Dd
• Dead languages
• Decode
• Deficit model
• Descartes, René
• Descriptive grammar
• Developmental approach
• Developmental English
• Developmental models/perspective
• Developmental sequences
• Dialect
• Dialect awareness
• Dialect continuum
• Dichotic listening tasks
• Difference model
• Diglossia
• Discontinuous
• Discourse knowledge
• Dishabituation
• Domain
• Domains of language usage
• Dominance/balance measures
• Dominant
• Dominant language switch hypothesis
• Donor
• Drift
• Dual immersion
• Ee
• Early exit program
• Early-system morpheme
• Echolalia or echolalic speech
• Elaborated code
• Embedded language (EL)
• Emergence of speech sounds
• Emergentism
• Emerging bilingual
• Empiricism
• Encode
• Endangered language
• English as a foreign language (EFL)
• English as a second/subsequent language (ESL)
• English for academic purposes (EAP)
• English for specific purposes (ESP)
• English language development (ELD)
• English language learner (ELL)
• Equipotentiality
• Error
• Error analysis (EA)
• Event-related potentials (ERPs)
• Eye movement(s)
• Ff
• Faculty of language (language faculty)
• Family tree model
• First language
• Fluent English proficiency (FEP)
• Fluent/fluency
• fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
• Form
• Formal
• Formal grammar
• Formative (testing)
• Fossilization
• Fossilized variation
• Function word/item
• Function
• Functional approach
• Functional architecture
• Functional asymmetry
• Functional bilingual
• Functional literacy
• Functionalism
• Functions of speech
• Gg
• Gender
• Generative approaches/linguistics
• Generative grammar
• Genre
• Grammatical
• Grammatical morphemes
• Guest (language)
• Hh
• Habituation
• Head-turn technique
• Hegemony
• Hemispheric specialization
• Heritage language
• Heritage language bilingual education
• High-amplitude sucking (HAS) technique
• High-Low language status
• Holophrastic speech
• Host (language)
• Hypothesis
• Hypothesis testing
• Ii
• Ideal speaker
• Identity
• Idiolect
• Immersion
• In-between group
• Incipient bilingual
• Incipient bilingualism
• Individual bilingualism
• Infant-directed speech
• Informal
• Informational
• Innate
• Input
• Input Hypothesis
• Instrumental motivation
• Intake
• Integrative motivation
• Interaction/interactive
• Interactionism
• Interference
• Interlanguage (IL)
• Intersentential code-switching
• Intrasentential code-switching
• Involvement
• Ipsilateral
• Islands
• Jj
• Joint attention/gaze
• Kk
• Knowledge (of language)
• Krashen, Stephen
• Ll
• L1, L2
• Language
• Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
• Language attrition
• Language background scales
• Language change
• Language choice
• Language contact
• Language contact phenomena
• Language death
• Language evolution
• Language ideology
• Language loyalty
• Language maintenance
• Language minority/linguistic minority (LM)
• Language mixing
• Language modes
• Language processing
• Language skills
• Language socialization
• Language typology
• Language universals
• Language use surveys
• Language variety
• Language-Making Capacity (LMC)
• Late-exit program
• Late-system morpheme
• Lateralization
• Lau v Nichols
• Learnability
• Learnability theory
• Learner's variety
• Learning
• Learning strategies
• Lect (-lect)
• Lemma
• Lesion method
• Lexeme
• Lexical access
• Lexical category
• Lexical item
• Lexicon
• Limited English proficiency (LEP)
• Linguistic competence
• Linguistic determinism
• Linguistic diversity
• Linguistic relativity
• Linguistic repertoire
• Literacy myth
• Literate/literacy
• Loanword
• Locke, John
• Mm
• Mainstream/mainstreaming
• Maintenance
• Map (mapping)
• Mapping problem
• Matrix language (ML)
• Matrix Language-Frame (MLF) model
• Matrix Language Hypothesis (MLH)
• Mean length of utterance (MLU)
• Mentalism/mentalist
• Metalinguistic awareness
• Method
• Mixed language
• Mode (of communication)
• Modularity
• Monitor Theory
• Monolingual/monolingualism
• Morpheme studies
• Mother tongue (maternal language)
• Motherese
• Motivation
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
• Multilingual/multilingualism
• Mutual exclusivity assumption
• Mutual intelligibility
• Nn
• Naming insight
• Native bilingual
• Native language (NL)
• Native-language acquisition (NLA)
• Native speaker (NS)
• Native-like control
• Native-speaker intuition
• Nativism/nativist
• Natural Approach
• Natural Order Hypothesis
• Natural Partitions hypothesis
• Nature versus nurture
• Negative evidence
• Neural circuit
• Neural networks
• Neuroimaging
• Neurolinguistics
• No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
• Nonnative speaker (NNS)
• Nonreduplicated babbling
• Nonstandard
• Norm
• Norm-referenced testing
• Normative
• Norms of interaction
• Norms of interpretation
• Oo
• Obsolescence/obsolete
• One system (or two)
• Operating principles (OPs)
• Order of acquisition
• Overextension
• Overgeneralization
• Pp
• Parallel distributed processing (PDP)
• Parental involvement
• Parse
• Participants (or interlocutors)
• Passive knowledge
• Pattern
• Pedagogical (or teaching) grammar
• Percentile
• Perception
• Performance
• Performance analysis (PA)
• Personality
• Perspective
• PET (positron emission tomography) scan
• Phonemic awareness
• Phonics
• Phonological awareness
• Piaget, Jean
• Piagetian/Neo-Piagetian
• Pidgin
• Pidginization Hypothesis
• Placement
• Popular culture
• Positive evidence
• Poverty of the stimulus
• Pragmatic knowledge
• Prescriptive (grammar)
• Primary language
• Productive knowledge
• Proficiency/proficient
• Psycho-social factors
• Psycholinguistics
• Pull-out classes
• Purpose
• Qq
• Qualitative research
• Quantitative research
• Rr
• Recessive language
• Recipient
• Recognition point
• Regional dialect
• Register
• Relational relativity hypothesis
• Relative proficiencies
• Rememberers
• Restricted code
• Rule
• Rule-governed
• Ss
• Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
• Scaffolding
• SDAIE (Specially designed academic instruction in English)
• Second/subsequent language (SL)
• Second/subsequent language acquisition (SLA)
• Segmentation problem
• Self-assessment/rating
• Semantic loan
• Semilingual (or double semilingual)
• Separate Development Hypothesis
• Sequence
• Sequential bilingual acquisition
• Setting
• Sheltered
• Shift
• Silent period
• Simultaneous bilingual acquisition
• Situation of speech
• Skills areas
• Skinner, B. F.
• Social dialect
• Social stratification
• Societal bilingualism
• Society
• Sociolect
• Sociolinguistic knowledge
• SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography)
• Speech
• Speech act
• Speech community
• Speech event
• Speech stream
• Split languages
• Split-brain studies
• Spread
• Standard
• Standard English
• Standardization
• Stigmatized
• Stroop test
• Structuralism
• Structural linguistics
• Structured immersion (programs)
• Style shifting
• Submersion
• Subordinate bilingual (Type C)
• Subsequent language (SL)
• Substrate
• Subtractive bilingualism
• Summative testing
• Superstrate
• System morpheme
• Tt
• Tadpole-frog problem
• Target language (or TL)
• Taxonomic assumption
• Teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL)
• Teaching English as a second/subsequent language (TESL)
• Teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL)
• Technique
• Telegraphic speech
• Testing
• Theory theory
• Three generation rule
• Thresholds Theory
• Top-down
• Tracks (streams)
• Transfer
• Transitional bilingual education (TBE)
• Two-way/dual language programs
• Two-word stage
• Typological classification
• Typology
• Uu
• Underextension
• Unilingual/unilingualism
• Uniqueness point
• Universal
• Universal Grammar (UG)
• Universalism
• Usage
• Utterance
• Vv
• Variation
• Vernacular
• Ww
• Wernicke's aphasia (also known as sensory aphasia, syntactic aphasia)
• Wernicke's area
• Whole language
• Whole-object assumption
• Word
• Word class
• References