The Dictionary of Developmental Biology and Embryology, Second Edition is the first comprehensive reference focused on the field's terms, research, history, and people. This authoritative A-to-Z resource covers classical morphological and cytological terms along with those from modern genetics and molecular biology.

Table of Contents

• Dedication
• Preface
• A
• A23187
• abaxial
• abdominal cavity
• ABO blood typing system
• aboral surface
• abortifacient
• abortion
• abortus
• abruptio placentae
• abscisic acid (ABA)
• abscission
• accessory sex glands
• accutane
• Acetabularia
• acetylated histones
• acetylation
• Achaete
• achondroplasia
• acid blob
• acoelomate
• acrania
• acrocentric chromosome
• acrocephaly
• acrogen
• acron
• acrosin
• acrosomal filament
• acrosomal vesicle
• acrosome
• acrosome reaction
• acrotrophic ovariole
• actin
• actinomycin D
• activation of the egg
• activator
• active immunity
• activin
• adaptive developmental plasticity
• adaxial
• adaxial cells
• adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• adepithelial cells
• adherens junctions
• adipocytes
• adrenal glands
• adrenal hyperplasia
• adrenaline
• adrenergic neurons
• adult hemoglobin
• adult stem cells
• adventitious
• AER
• aequorin
• afterbirth
• after-ripening
• agamospermy
• agenesis
• aggregation
• aging
• AGM region
• Agnatha
• agnatha
• AIDS
• air space
• albinism
• albino
• albumen
• albumin
• albuminous seed
• alcohol
• alecithal eggs
• aleurone
• aleurone layer
• algae
• alkaline phosphatase
• allantoic diverticulum
• allantoic stalk
• allantoic vesicle
• allantois
• allele
• allelic series
• Allman George (1812–1898)
• allogamy
• allometric growth
• allometry
• allosteric enzymes
• alopecia
• alternation of generations
• alternative RNA splicing
• alveolar period
• alveoli
• amelia
• ameloblasts
• Ametabola
• ametabolous
• AMF
• AMH
• amino acids
• ammocoete
• ammonia
• ammonotelic organisms
• amnio-cardiac vesicles
• amniocentesis
• amniocyte
• amnion
• -amnios-
• amniota
• amniote egg
• amniotes
• amniotic cavity
• amniotic fluid
• amniotic folds
• amniotic sac
• amoebocyte
• amorphous
• Amphibia
• amphibians
• amphiblastic cleavage
• amphimixis
• Amphioxus
• amplexus
• ampulla
• anagenesis
• anal agenesis
• anal evagination
• anal membrane
• anal plate
• anal stenosis
• analgesic
• analogous
• analogous organs
• anamniota
• anamniotes
• anaphase
• anatomic position
• -andr-
• androecium
• androgen insensitivity syndrome
• androgenesis
• androgenic merogony
• androgens
• anencephaly
• aneuploid
• angioblasts
• angiogenesis
• angiogenetic clusters
• angiopoietin-1 (Ang1)
• angiopoietins
• angiosperms
• animal
• animal cap
• animal gradient
• animal hemisphere
• animal pole
• animalculist
• animalization
• animalized
• animal-vegetal axis
• animism
• aniridia
• anisogamy
• ankyloglossia
• anlage
• annual
• anoikis
• anovulation
• Antennapedia complex
• Antennapedia gene
• anteriad
• anterior group Hox genes
• anterior intestinal portal
• anterior neuropore
• anterior organizing center
• anterior pole
• anterior tip
• anterior visceral endoderm
• anteroposterior axis
• anther
• anther sac
• antheridiophore
• antheridium
• antheridogen
• Anthropocene
• anticlinal divisions
• anticodon
• antifertilizin
• antifungal symbiotic bacteria
• anti-Müllerian duct hormone
• anti-Müllerian factor
• antipodal cells
• antisense oligonucleotides
• antisense RNA
• antral vacuoles
• antrum
• Anura
• anus
• aorta
• aorta-gonad-mesonephros region
• aortic arches
• Apaf-1
• apical dominance
• apical ectodermal cap
• apical ectodermal ridge (AER)
• apical meristem
• apical notch
• Apoda
• apomixis (apogamy)
• apoplastic continuity
• apoptosis
• apospory
• appendage buds
• appendicular skeleton
• appendix
• appositional growth
• Apterygota
• aqueduct of Sylvius
• Arabidopsis
• archegonium
• archencephalon
• archenteron
• archenteron roof
• archeocyte
• archeocytes
• archetype
• architectural transcription factor
• area opaca
• area opaca vasculosa
• area opaca vitellina
• area pellucida
• area placentalis
• Aristotle (384–322 b.c.)
• aromatase
• arrector pili muscle
• “arrival of the fittest”
• arteries
• arthrotome
• artificial insemination
• Ascaris
• Ascaris megalocephala
• ascidians (sea squirts)
• asexual reproduction
• assembly factor
• astrocyte
• astrotactin
• asymmetric cell divisions
• atavism
• ATP
• atrazine
• atresia
• atretic follicles
• atrial septal defect
• atrichoblasts
• atrioventricular canal
• atrium
• attitude
• auditory nerves
• auditory placodes
• auditory vesicles
• auricularia
• autocrine growth factor
• autocrine signaling
• autogamous
• autonomic ganglia
• autonomic nerves
• autonomic nervous system
• autonomous specification
• autophilous
• autopod
• autopoietic
• autoregulation
• autoschizis
• autosomal mutations
• autosomes
• auxiliary sex glands
• auxin
• Aves
• avidin
• axes
• axial patterning
• axial placentation
• axial protocadherin
• axial skeleton
• axiation
• axillary
• axoneme
• axons
• azoospermia
• AZT
• B
• B cells
• B lymphocytes
• backbone
• Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
• Baer Karl Ernst von (1792–1876)
• Balbiani rings
• Baldwin effect
• Balfour Francis (1851–1882)
• Balfour's law
• balloon catheterization
• banding techniques
• Barker hypothesis
• Barr body
• Bartholin's glands
• basal
• basal body temperature (BBT) method
• basal cell
• basal disc
• basal lamina
• basal layer
• basal level transcription
• basal placentation
• base pair
• basement membrane
• base-pairing rules
• basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)
• basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family
• basic leucine zipper (bZip)
• basic leucine zipper (bZip) family
• Bateson William (1861–1926)
• battery
• Bauchstück
• Bauplan (Baupläne)
• B-catenin
• Bcl-2 genes
• Beadle George Wells (1903–1989)
• Beermann Wolfgang (1921–2000)
• Beneden Edouard Van (1846–1910)
• BFU-E
• bicoid
• bicoid mRNA
• bicoid protein
• bicornuate uterus
• biennial
• bifurcate
• bifurcation point
• bilaminar embryonic disc
• bilateral cleavage
• bilateral symmetry
• Bilateria
• Bildungstrieb
• bindin
• bindin receptor
• binding site
• binocular vision
• biochemical cytodifferentiation
• biofilms
• Biogenesis
• Biogenetic Law
• bioinformatics
• biological mother
• bipinnaria larva
• bipotential stage
• birth
• birth canal
• birth defect
• birthday
• bisphenol A (BPA)
• bithorax complex (BX-C)
• bivalent
• bladder
• -blast
• blast cell
• blastema
• blastocoel
• blastocyst
• blastocyst cavity
• blastocyte
• blastoderm
• blastodermic vesicle
• blastodisc
• blastogenesis
• blastokinesis
• blastomeres
• blastopore
• blastopore lips
• blastozooid
• blastula
• blastulation
• block to polyspermy
• blood islands
• blood plasma
• blood-testis barrier
• Blumenbach Johann Friedrich (1752–1840)
• BMP
• BMP4
• BMP4 and BMP7
• body cavity
• body contruction theory
• body folds
• body stalk
• bone marrow
• bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)
• Bonellia viridis
• Bonnet Charles (1720–1793)
• Born Gustav (1851–1900)
• bottle cells
• boundary sequences
• Bounoure Louis (1934–)
• Boveri Theodor (1862–1915)
• Bowman's capsule
• brachial
• brachy-
• brachydactyly
• Brachyury
• brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
• brain vesicles
• branchial
• branchial arches
• branchial chamber
• branchial clefts
• branchial fistula
• branchial furrows
• branchial grooves (furrows)
• branchiomere
• brassinosteroids
• BRCA1
• breech presentation
• Briggs Robert (1911–1983)
• broad ligament of the uterus
• bronchioles
• bronchus
• brown fat cells
• bryophytes
• bryostatin
• buccal cavity
• bud
• budding
• bulb
• bulbourethral gland
• bulbous arteriosus
• bulge
• Bunker Eng Chang (1811–1874)
• bursa copulatrix
• burst-forming unit, erythroid (BFU-E)
• bushy chorion
• C
• C-cadherin
• C. elegans
• C-value
• C-value paradox
• cadastral genes
• cadherins
• caeno-
• caenogenesis
• caenomorphosis
• Caenorhabditis elegans
• calcium phosphate
• callus
• calvaria
• calyces
• calyx
• CAM
• cambium
• Cambrian
• Cambrian explosion
• Camerarius Rudolph (1665–1721)
• CAMs
• canalicular period
• canalization (developmental robustness)
• cancer stem cell hypothesis
• candidate gene mapping
• canonical
• capacitation
• capillaries
• caput epididymis
• carapacial ridge
• carbohydrate
• carcinoma
• cardiac bifida
• cardiac cells
• cardiac jelly
• cardiac muscle
• cardiac myoblasts
• cardiac neural crest
• cardiac prominence
• cardinal veins
• cardioblast
• cardiogenic mesoderm
• cardiomyocytes
• carotid arteries
• carpel
• carpellate flowers
• carrier
• cartilage
• cascade of embryonic inductions
• cascade of protein phosphorylations
• caspases
• catalyst
• catalyze
• cataract
• catenins
• catheterization
• cauda epididymis
• caudad
• caudal
• caudal intestinal portal (CIP)
• caudal knob
• caudal mRNA
• caul
• cavitation
• CBFA1
• Cbfa1 gene
• Cdc
• cdk
• cDNA
• cecum
• ced genes
• -cele
• cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
• cell arrangements
• cell autonomous genes
• cell–cell adhesion
• cell cycle
• cell differentiation
• cell elongation
• cell fusion
• cell hybridization
• cell hypertrophy
• cell junctions
• cell lineage
• cell lineage restriction
• cell lineage studies
• cell-mediated immunity
• cell proliferation
• cell-sorting
• cellular affinity
• cellular blastoderm
• cellular ecosystem
• cellulose
• cement gland
• Cenozoic Era
• central cell
• central dogma of molecular biology
• central group Hox genes
• central nervous system (CNS)
• central zone
• centrioles
• centrolecithal eggs
• centromere
• centrosome
• cephalad
• cephalic
• cephalic neural crest
• cephalic precocity
• cephalic presentation
• cephalochordates
• -cephaly
• Cerberus
• cerci
• cerebellum
• cerebral hemispheres
• cerebral vesicles
• cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• cerebrum
• cervical canal
• cervical cap
• cervical flexure
• cervical mucus
• cervical plug
• cervical sinus
• cervix uteri
• cesarean section
• CFU-E
• CFU-GM
• CFU-Meg
• CFU-M,L
• CFU-S
• Chabry Laurent (1855–1894)
• chalaza(e)
• chancre
• chasmogamous
• checkpoints
• chemical teratogens
• chemoaffinity hypothesis
• chemoattractant
• chemorepellent
• chemotaxis
• chemotherapeutic drugs
• chiasmata
• chick
• Child Charles Manning (1869–1954)
• childbirth
• chimera
• Chironomus
• chlamydia
• chloasma
• cholinergic neurons
• Chondrichthyes
• chondrocranium
• chondrocytes
• chondrogenesis
• chondroskeleton
• chordamesoderm
• Chordata
• chordate
• chordate characteristics
• chordin
• chordoneural hinge
• chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM)
• choriocarcinoma
• chorion
• chorion frondosum
• chorion laeve
• chorionic plate
• chorionic sac
• chorionic villi
• chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
• choroid fissure
• choroid plexus
• chromaffin cell
• chromatid
• chromatin
• chromatin diminution
• chromatophores
• Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
• chromosome bands
• chromosome diminution
• chromosome elimination
• chromosome puffs
• chromosomes
• cilia
• circadian clocks
• circuit
• circulation
• circulatory arcs
• cis regulation
• cis-regulatory element
• cistron
• c-Kit protein
• clade
• class II promoter
• class switching
• cleavage
• cleavage embryogenesis
• cleavage furrow
• cleavage nucleus
• cleavage patterns
• cleft lip
• cleft palate
• cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD)
• cleidoic egg
• cleistogamous
• cloaca
• cloacal membrane
• cloacal plate
• clonal analysis
• clonal restriction
• clonal selection theory
• clone
• cloning
• clubfoot
• c-mos
• Cnidaria
• cnidarians
• CNS
• co-activator
• cochlea
• codominance
• codons
• Coelenterata
• coelenterates
• coeloblastula
• coelom
• coelomate
• coenobium
• coenocyte
• cohesion proteins
• coitus
• coitus interruptus
• colcemid
• colchicine
• coleoptile
• coleorhizae
• colinear
• colinearity
• collagen
• collagen, type IV
• collecting tubules
• colliculi
• colors
• combinatorial
• combinatorial regulation
• commensalism
• commisure
• commitment
• committed stems cells
• community effect
• compaction
• comparative embryology
• compartments
• compensatory mutation
• compensatory regeneration
• competence
• competence factor
• competence map
• competence transfer
• complete flower
• conceptacle
• conception
• conceptus
• condensation
• conditional development
• conditional mutation
• conditional specification
• cone
• congenital
• congenital anomalies
• congenital dislocation of the hip
• congenital syphilis
• conjoined twins
• conjugation
• Conklin Edwin Grant (1863–1952)
• connecting stalk
• conservation
• constitutive
• constitutive heterochromatin
• constitutive mutation
• constraints
• contact guidance
• contact inhibition
• contact placenta
• continuity of the germplasm
• contraception
• contractile proteins
• contractile ring
• contraction
• contragestion
• conus arteriosus
• convergence
• convergent extension
• cooperativity
• co-option
• copulation
• cord blood
• co-repressor
• cork cambium
• cornea
• corolla
• corona dispersing enzyme
• corona penetrating enzyme (CPE)
• corona radiata
• corpora allata
• corpora bigemina
• corpora quadrigemina
• corpus
• corpus albicans
• corpus epididymis
• corpus hemorrhagicum
• corpus luteum
• corpuscles of Meissner
• correlated progression
• cortex
• cortical granules
• cortical reaction
• cortical rotation
• cortices
• cotyledons
• covalent bond
• Cowper's glands
• CpG islands
• cranial ectodermal placodes
• cranial flexure
• cranial ganglia
• cranial nerves
• cranial neural crest
• cranial vault
• craniobuccal pouch
• craniorachischisis
• cranium
• Cretaceous-Paleocene discontinuity
• Cretaceous Period
• cri du chat
• -crine
• critical day length
• critical periods in development
• crossing over
• crossopterygians
• cross-talk
• crura cerebri
• cryogenic storage
• cryptic genetic variation
• cryptochrome
• cryptogam
• cryptorchidism
• crystallins
• CSF
• Ctenophora
• culmination
• cumulus
• cumulus oophorus
• cutis plate
• cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
• cyclin-dependent kinase
• cyclins
• cyclopamine
• cyclopia
• cyclostomes
• cystic duct
• cystocytes
• cytochalasin B
• cytodifferentiation
• cytogenetics
• cytokines
• cytokinesis
• cytokinins
• cytology
• cytomegalovirus
• cytonemes
• cytoplasm
• cytoplasmic bridges
• cytoplasmic determinant
• cytoplasmic incompatibility
• cytoplasmic localization
• cytoplasmic matrix
• cytoplasmic organelles
• cytoplasmic rearrangements
• cytosine methylation
• cytoskeletal proteins
• cytoskeleton
• cytostatic factor
• cytotrophoblast
• cytotrophoblastic shell
• D
• -dactyly
• Dareste Camille (1822–1899)
• Darwin Charles (1809–1882)
• Darwin and embryology
• dauer
• dauer larva
• dauer larva pathway
• dauer stage
• dauerblastula
• daughter cells
• DAX1 gene
• daylength
• de novo methylases
• deacetylated histones
• Decapentaplegic (Dpp) gene
• decapentaplegic protein
• decidua
• decidua basalis
• decidua capsularis
• decidua parietalis
• decidua reaction
• deciduous placenta
• dedifferentiation
• deep homology
• deep layer (cells)
• defect experiment
• defensins
• delamination
• deletion
• Delta-Notch system
• denatured DNA
• denatured protein
• dendrites
• dental papilla
• Dentalium
• denticles
• dentin
• dentinoblast
• deoxyribonucleic acid
• deoxyribonucleotides
• dependent development
• derivative
• dermal papilla
• dermal tissue
• dermatome
• dermis
• dermomyotome
• descent
• descent with modification
• descriptive embryology
• desiccation
• desmosomes
• determinants
• determinate cleavage
• determination
• determinative development
• deuterencephalic
• deuterostomes
• Deuterostomia
• deutocerebrum
• deutoplasm
• development
• developmental anatomy
• developmental biologist
• developmental biology
• developmental constraints
• developmental domains
• developmental estrogen syndrome
• developmental evolutionary synthesis
• developmental genes
• developmental geneticist
• developmental genetics
• developmental modularity
• developmental Northern blot
• developmental origin of health and disease (DOHD) hypothesis
• developmental plasticity
• developmental program
• developmental robustness
• developmental switches
• developmental symbiosis
• developmental systems theory (DST)
• Devonian
• dextrotropic cleavage
• diacylglycerol (DAG)
• diakinesis
• diapause
• diaphragm
• diaphragmatic hernia
• diaphysis
• dickkopf
• dicots
• dicotyledonous plants
• dictyate
• Dictyostelium discoideum
• diencephalon
• diestrus
• diethylstilbesterol (DES)
• differential adhesion hypothesis
• differential cell affinities
• differential gene expression
• differential RNA splicing
• differential substrate affinity hypothesis
• differentiation
• differentiation inducing factor
• diffuse placenta
• digestive proteins
• digestive system
• digestive tube
• digit
• dihydrotestosterone
• dilatation and evacuation (D & E)
• dilatation stage of labor
• dimer
• dimorphic
• diocoel
• dioecious
• dipleurula
• diplobiont
• diploblastic
• diploblasts
• diploid
• diploid merogony
• diplont
• diplontic life cycle
• diplospory
• diplotene stage
• Diptera
• direct development
• disc
• discoblastula
• discogastrula
• discoid
• discoidal cleavage
• Discontinuity, Theory of
• disjunction
• disk
• disomy
• disparity
• disruptions
• dissociation
• distal
• Distal-less
• distal tip cell
• divergence
• diversity
• diverticulum
• dividing egg
• dizygotic twins
• DNA
• DNA-binding domain
• DNA methylation
• DNA microarrays (DNA chips)
• DNA microchip
• DNA replication
• DNA synthesis
• DNase footprinting
• DNase hypersensitive sites
• DNase protection assay
• Dolly
• domain
• domains of commitment
• dominant
• dominant negative mutation
• dominant negative protein
• dominant-recessive inheritance
• dormancy
• dorsal
• dorsal
• dorsal aortae
• dorsal axial mesoderm
• dorsal closure
• dorsal determinant
• dorsal lip of the blastopore
• dorsal mesocardium
• dorsal mesoderm
• dorsal protein
• dorsalization
• dorsalizing factors
• dorsoventral axis
• dorsum
• dosage compensation
• double assurance hypothesis
• double fertilization
• double-negative gate
• down-mutation
• downregulation
• downstream
• Down's syndrome
• Driesch Hans (1867–1941)
• Drosophila
• dry sperm
• dual gradient model
• duct of Cuvier
• duct of Santorini
• duct of Wirsung
• ductus arteriosus
• ductus choledochus
• ductus deferens
• ductus venosus
• duodenum
• duplex uterus
• duplication
• dyad
• dynamic anatomy
• dynein
• dysgenesis
• dysplasia
• E
• E-cadherin
• ecdysis
• ecdysone
• ecdysone receptors
• Ecdysozoa
• Echinoderm Theory
• eclosion
• ECM
• eco-evo-devo
• eco-devo
• ecological developmental biology
• ecological evolutionary developmental biology
• ecomorph
• ecotype
• ectoderm
• ectodermal placodes
• ectodysplasin (EDA) cascade
• ectogenesis
• ectogony
• ectomere
• ectomesenchyme
• ectopic embryos
• ectopic kidney
• ectopic pregnancy
• ectoplacental cone
• edema
• Ediacara
• Edwards Robert (1925–)
• effacement
• efferent ductules
• EGF
• EGF receptors
• egg
• egg activation
• egg capsules
• egg chamber
• egg chemistry
• egg coats
• egg cylinder
• egg follicle
• egg grooming
• egg jelly
• egg physics
• egg shell
• egg tube
• egg water
• eggs
• einsteckung
• ejaculate
• ejaculation
• ejaculatory ducts
• electron microscope
• electroporation
• emboitement
• emboly
• embryo
• embryo bank
• embryo body plan
• embryo defenses
• embryo sac
• embryo transfer (ET)
• embryoblast
• embryogenesis
• embryogeny
• embryologist
• embryology
• embryonal carcinoma (EC)
• embryonal region
• embryonate
• embryonic
• embryonic-abembryonic axis
• embryonic axis
• embryonic cell cycle
• embryonic disc
• embryonic ectoderm
• embryonic endoderm
• embryonic germ (EG) cells
• embryonic induction
• embryonic mesoderm
• embryonic period
• embryonic pole
• embryonic shield
• embryonic stem cells (ES cells)
• embryopathy
• embryophytes
• embryotomy
• embryotroph
• emulsify
• enamel hypoplasia
• enamel knot
• enamel organ
• encapsulated nerve endings
• encapsulation
• -encephaly
• end bud
• endoblast
• endocardial cushion tissue
• endocardial primordia
• endocardial tube
• endocardium
• endochondral ossification
• endocrine cells
• endocrine disruptors
• endocrine factors
• endocrine mimics (endocrine disruptors)
• endocrine signaling
• endoderm
• endoderm determinant
• endolymphatic duct
• endomere
• endomesoderm
• endometriosis
• endometrium
• Endopterygota
• endoskeleton
• endosperm
• endosperm cell
• endosteal osteoblasts
• endosymbiosis
• endothelial cells
• endotheliochorial placenta
• endothelins
• energids
• engagement
• engrailed
• enhanceosome
• enhancer
• enhancer modularity
• enhancer trap
• entelechy
• enterocoel
• enterocoely
• entoblast
• entoderm
• Entwicklungsmechanik
• enveloping layer
• environmental integration
• environmental mismatch hypothesis
• enzyme-linked receptors
• enzymes
• EP-cadherin
• epaxial muscles
• ependyma
• ependymal cells
• Eph receptors
• ephrin proteins
• epialleles
• epiblast
• epiboly
• epicardium
• epicotyl
• epidermal cells
• epidermal ectoderm
• epidermal growth factor (EGF)
• epidermis
• epididymis
• epigaster
• epigenesis
• epigenetic assimilation
• epigenetic change
• epigenetic inheritance
• epigenetic methylation
• epigenetic origin of adult diseases
• epigenetic progenitor model
• epigenetic theory
• epimere
• epimorphic regeneration
• epimorphosis
• epimyocardial primordium
• epimyocardial tube
• epimyocardium
• epinephrine
• epineural sinus
• epiphyseal fusion
• epiphyseal growth plates
• epiphyses
• epistasis
• epithelial cadherin
• epithelial cells
• epithelialization
• epithelial-mesenchymal interactions
• epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions
• epitheliochorial placenta
• epithelium
• epoophoron
• equator
• equivalence group
• ERK
• erythroblast
• erythroblastosis fetalis
• erythrocyte
• erythroid progenitor cell (BFU-E)
• erythropoiesis
• erythropoietin
• ES cells
• esophageal atresia
• esophagus
• estrogen
• estrous cycle
• estrus
• ethylene
• eucaryotes
• euchromatin
• eukaryotes
• euploid
• eustachian tubes
• Eutheria
• euviviparity
• euviviparous
• evagination
• evanescent
• even-skipped
• “evo-devo”
• evolution
• evolutionarily conserved regions
• evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo)
• evolutionary embryology
• Evolutionary Synthesis
• evolutionary tree
• exalbuminous seed
• excretion
• exocoelom
• exocytosis
• exogastrula
• exogastrulation
• exon
• exon shuffling
• Exopterygota
• exoskeleton
• expansin
• experimental embryology
• explant
• explantation
• expressivity
• expulsion
• exstrophy
• exstrophy of the bladder
• extant
• extension
• external auditory meatus
• external os
• external rotation
• extinct
• extracellular matrix (ECM)
• extraembryonic
• extraembryonic coelom
• extraembryonic endoderm
• extraembryonic membranes
• extraembryonic mesoderm
• extrauterine fetus
• exuviae
• F
• Fabricius Hieronymus (1537–1619)
• facultative heterochromatin
• fallopian tubes
• fascicles
• fasciclins
• fat bodies
• fate map
• fecundation
• fecundity
• fertile
• fertilin proteins
• fertility awareness methods
• fertilization
• fertilization cone
• fertilization consequences
• fertilization envelope
• fertilization membrane or fertilization envelope
• fertilizin
• Fertilizin Theory
• fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
• fetal hemoglobin
• fetal membranes
• fetal origins of adult disease (FOAD) hypothesis
• fetal period
• fetal plasticity
• fetoscopy
• fetus
• fetus in fetu
• FGF
• FGF receptors
• FGF2
• fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
• fibronectin
• field
• field of organization
• field-specific selector gene
• filopodia
• fimbria
• fin fold
• first polar body
• FISH
• fission
• fistula
• flagellum
• flexion
• flexures
• floor plate
• floral
• floral meristem
• floral meristem identity genes
• floral organ identity genes
• flowering control gene (FLC)
• fluorescence in situ hydridization
• foam
• focus
• Fol Hermann (1845–1892)
• folic acid (vitamin B12)
• follicle
• follicle cells
• follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
• follicular stem cell
• follistatin
• fontanelles
• foot activator gradient
• foot inhibitor gradient
• foramen cecum
• foramen ovale
• foramen primum
• foramen secundum
• foramina of Monro
• forebrain
• forebrain protuberance
• foregut
• founder animal
• founder cell
• fourth ventricle
• fraternal twins
• free-central placentation
• free nerve terminations
• freemartin
• French flag
• frizzleds
• frogs
• frontal plane
• frontonasal process
• frontonasal prominence
• fructose
• fruit
• Fucus
• functional genomics
• fundus
• Fungi
• funiculus
• fusogen
• fusome
• G
• Go
• G1
• G1 checkpoint
• G2
• G2 checkpoint
• G proteins
• gain-of-function mutation
• gallbladder
• gametangium
• gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
• gamete recognition proteins
• gametes
• gametic meiosis
• gametogenesis
• gametophyte
• gametophyte generation
• ganglion
• ganglion cells
• ganglion mother cell
• gap genes
• gap junctions
• Garstang Walter (1868–1949)
• Gartner's ducts
• Gastraea Theory
• gastrocoel
• gastrula
• gastrulate
• gastrulation
• Gegenbaur Karl (1826–1903)
• gel mobility shift assay
• gemma
• gemmation
• gemmule formation
• gemmules
• gene
• gene alteration
• gene cloning
• gene clusters
• gene complex
• gene divergence
• gene duplication
• gene expression
• gene family
• gene knockout
• gene targeting
• general transcription factors (GTFs)
• generative cell
• genetic accommodation
• genetic assimilation
• genetic code
• genetic diversity
• genetic heterogeneity
• genetic mosaics
• genetic redundancy
• genetic screen
• genetic sex
• genetic toolbox
• geneticist
• genetics
• genistein
• genital folds
• genital herpes
• genital papilla
• genital pores
• genital ridge
• genital swellings
• genital tubercle
• genitalia
• genome
• genome duplication
• genomic equivalence
• genomic imprinting
• genomics
• genotype
• Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Etienne (1772–1844)
• germ band
• germ band stage
• germ cell determinants
• germ cell-less (gcl)
• germ cells
• germ layers
• germ line
• germ-line mutation
• germ plasm
• germ plasm theory
• germ ring
• germ wall
• germarium
• germinal crescent
• germinal disc
• germinal epithelium
• germinal neuroepithelium
• germinal vesicle
• germination
• germplasm
• gerontology
• gestate
• gestation
• gestation period
• gestational mother
• gibberellic acid (GA)
• gill arches
• gill (branchial) chamber
• gill clefts
• gill plates
• gill slits
• gills
• glands of Littré
• glaucoma
• glial cells
• glial growth factor (GGF)
• glial guidance
• glioblasts
• globular stage embryo
• glomerular filtrate
• glomerulus
• -glossia
• glucose
• Gluecksohn-Schoenheimer Salome
• glutathione
• glycoprotein
• glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
• gnathostomes
• Goldschmidt Richard (1878–1958)
• Golgi apparatus
• gonadal ridges
• gonadotrophin
• gonadotropin
• gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
• gonads
• gonial syncytia
• gonidia
• gonocytes
• gonorrhea
• gonotome
• goosecoid
• Graaf Regnier de (1641–1673)
• Graafian follicle
• gradient
• gradualism
• granulocytes
• granulosa cells
• gray crescent
• gray matter
• great fault of embryology
• green fluorescent protein
• grex
• Grobstein Clifford (1916–1998)
• ground meristem
• ground tissue
• growth
• growth cone
• growth factor
• growth hormone
• growth plate closure
• guard mother cell
• Gurdon Sir John Bertrand (1933–)
• gurken gene
• gurken protein
• gut
• gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
• GVBD
• gymnosperms
• -gyn-
• gynandromorphs
• gyne
• gynoecium
• gynogenesis
• gynomerogony
• gyri
• H
• Haeckel Ernst (1834–1919)
• hair germ
• hairy gene
• Haldane J. S. (1860–1936)
• Haller Albrecht von (1708–1777)
• halteres
• Hamburger Viktor (1900–2001)
• Hammerling Joachim (1901–1980)
• haplodiploidy
• haplodiplontic life cycle
• haploid
• haploinsufficiency
• haplont
• haptotaxis
• hard palate
• harelip
• Harris J. Arthur (1880–1930)
• Harrison Ross Granville (1879–1959)
• Hartsoeker Nicolaas (1656–1725)
• Harvey William (1578–1657)
• hatching
• hCG
• head activator gradient
• head fold
• head inhibitor gradient
• head kidney
• head mesoderm
• head process
• head process stage
• heart development
• heart murmur
• heart stage embryo
• heat shock
• heat shock proteins (Hsp)
• hedgehog
• hedgehog receptor
• hedgehog signal transduction pathway
• Heilbrunn Lewis Victor (1892–1959)
• Hellin's Law
• hemangioblasts
• hematopoiesis
• hematopoietic
• hematopoietic inductive environments (HIMs)
• hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
• Hemichordata
• hemichordate
• Hemichordate Theory
• Hemimetabola
• hemimetabolous
• hemisected
• hemizygous
• hemochorial placenta
• hemodichorial placenta
• hemoendothelial placenta
• hemogenic endothelial cells
• hemoglobin
• hemolytic disease of the newborn
• hemorrhage
• hemotrichorial placenta
• Hensen's node
• hepatectomy
• hepatic diverticulum
• hepatic duct
• hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)
• Herbst Curt (1866–1946)
• hermaphrodite
• hermaphroditic
• hermaphroditism
• hernia
• herpes simplex virus (HSV)
• Hertwig Wilhelm August Oscar (1849–1922)
• Hertwig’ s Law
• heteroblastic
• heterochromatin
• heterochronic mutation
• heterochrony
• heterocyberny
• heterogamy
• heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
• heterogony
• heterokaryon
• heterometry
• heteromorphosis
• heteroplastic transplantation
• heterosporous
• heterotaxis
• heterothallus
• heterotopic graft
• heterotopy
• heterotypy
• heterozygous
• Heuser's membrane
• hibernal
• hierarchy
• high mobility group (HMG)-box factors
• higher vertebrates
• hindbrain
• hindgut
• hinge regions
• His Wilhelm (1831–1904)
• histioblasts
• histoblasts
• histodifferentiation
• histogenesis
• histolysis
• histone acetylation
• histone acetyltransferase
• histone deacetylases
• histone methylation
• histone methyltransferases
• histones
• Historical Periods of Embryology
• History of Evolutionary Biology
• histotypic aggregation
• HIV
• HMG protein
• holandric genes
• holoblastic
• Holometabola
• holometabolous
• Holtfreter Johannes (1901–1992)
• Hom-C
• homeobox
• homeobox genes
• homeodomain
• homeodomain family
• homeodomain protein
• homeoprotein
• homeorhesis
• homeosis
• homeothermic
• homeotic complex (Hom-C)
• homeotic gene
• homeotic mutation
• homeotic selector genes
• homoiogenetic
• homolecithal eggs
• homologous
• homologous chromosomes
• homologous developmental pathways
• homologous genes
• homologous organs
• homologous recombination
• homologous regulatory genes
• homologs
• homology
• homonomous
• homophilic binding
• homoplasy
• homosporous
• homothallus
• homozygous
• homunculus
• hopeful monster
• hopeless monsters
• horizontal division
• horizontal transmission
• hormone response elements
• hormones
• hornworts
• horseshoe kidney
• Horstadius Sven (1898–1996)
• housekeeping genes
• Hox genes
• Hox proteins
• hub
• Hubel, David (1926–)
• human accelerated regions (HARs)
• Human Genome Project
• humoral immunity
• hunchback
• hunchback protein
• Hunter John (1728–1793)
• Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome
• Huxley Thomas Henry (1825–1895)
• hyalin
• hyaline membrane
• hyaline membrane disease
• hyaluronic acid
• hyaluronidase
• hybrid merogony
• hydatidiform mole
• Hydra
• hydro-
• hydrocephalus
• hydrocephaly
• hydrogen bonds
• hydrolytic
• hydronephrosis
• 20-hydroxyecdysone
• Hymenoptera
• hyoid arches
• hyomandibular furrows
• hyomandibular pouches
• hypaxial muscles
• hyperactivation
• hypermetamorphism
• hypermorphosis
• hyperplasia
• hypertrichosis
• hypha
• hypoblast
• hypobranchial eminence
• hypocotyl
• hypomere
• hypophysis
• hypoplasia
• hypostome
• I
• ichthyosis congenita
• ICM
• ICSI
• identical twins
• IGF
• IL
• Illyanassa obsoleta (Nassarius obsoletus)
• imaginal
• imaginal buds
• imaginal discs
• imaginal molt
• imago
• imbibition
• immature ovum
• immediate adaptive responses
• immortality of the germplasm
• immunoglobulin superfamily CAMs
• imperfect flower
• imperforate anus
• imperforate hymen
• implantation
• imprinting
• IMZ
• in cis
• in situ
• in situ hybridization
• in trans
• in utero
• in utero surgery
• in vitro
• in vitro fertilization (IVF)
• in vivo
• inborn errors of metabolism
• incomplete flower
• incubation
• indeciduate placenta
• independent development
• indeterminate cleavage
• India ink
• indifferent stage
• indirect development
• individualization
• individuation
• indoleacetic acid (IAA)
• induced labor
• induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
• inducer
• inducing factors
• induction
• indusium
• inferior
• inferior vena cava
• inflorescence
• inflorescence meristem
• infundibulum
• ingression
• inguinal ring
• inheritance of acquired characteristics
• initials
• inner cell mass (ICM)
• innervate
• inositol triphosphate (IP3)
• insectivores
• instar
• instars
• instructive interaction
• insulator
• insulator sequences
• insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)
• integrins
• integuments
• intercalary meristems
• intercalated discs
• intercalation
• intercourse
• interdigital necrotic zone
• interior necrotic zone
• interkinesis
• interlaminar jelly
• Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
• Interleukin-3 (IL-3)
• intermediate filaments
• intermediate inheritance
• intermediate layer
• intermediate mesoderm
• intermediate spermatogonia
• internal rotation
• internodes
• interphase
• intersex
• interspecies epigenesis
• interspecific incompatibility
• interstitial cells of Leydig
• interstitial growth
• interstitial tissue
• intervening sequence
• interventricular septum
• interventricular sulcus
• intervertebral discs
• intervillous spaces
• intracellular signal transduction
• intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
• intraembryonic
• intramembranous ossification
• intraspecific incompatibility
• intrauterine device
• intron
• invagination
• inversion
• invertebrates
• involuting marginal zone (IMZ) cells
• involution
• ionophores
• iris
• irregular cleavage
• islets of Langerhans
• isogamy
• isolation experiment
• isolecithal
• isomerism
• isometric growth
• isthmus
• iteroparous
• IUD (intrauterine device)
• IVF
• J
• Jacob Francois (1920–)
• JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway
• jaundice of newborn
• jelly coat
• Jenkinson J. W. (1871–1915)
• jervine
• jugular veins
• Just Ernest J. (1883–1941)
• juvenile
• juvenile hormone
• juvenile phase
• juxtacrine factors
• juxtacrine signaling
• K
• kairomones
• Kallman syndrome
• Kartagener's syndrome
• karyogamy
• karyokinesis
• karyoplasm
• karyotype
• keel
• Keller explant
• keratin
• keratinocyte growth factor (KGF)
• keratinocytes
• KGF
• kinases
• kinesin
• kinetochore
• Klinefelter's syndrome
• klotho gene
• knockin
• knockout
• Koller's sickle
• Kölliker Albrecht von (1817–1905)
• Kolreuter Joseph (1733–1806)
• Kovalevsky Aleksandr O. (1840–1901)
• Kowalevsky Aleksandr O. (1840–1901)
• Kupffer's cells
• Kupffer's vesicle
• L
• labeled pathways hypothesis
• labiogingival lamina
• labioscrotal folds
• labor
• labyrinth
• labyrinthodonts
• lactation
• lactiferous ducts
• lacunae
• lacZ gene
• lamellipodia
• lamina basalis
• lamina terminalis
• laminin
• lampbrush chromosomes
• lancelets
• Langerhans cells
• Lankester Ray (1847–1929)
• lanugo
• laparoscopy
• laparotomy
• large offspring syndrome
• larva
• Larvacea
• larval molt
• laryngotracheal groove
• latebra
• laterad
• lateral
• lateral body folds
• lateral geniculate nucleus
• lateral lingual swellings
• lateral meristem
• lateral mesoderm
• lateral palatine processes
• lateral plate mesoderm
• lateral somitic frontier
• lateral ventricles
• latitudinal division
• Law of Independent Assortment
• Law of Segregation
• LD50
• leaf axils
• leaf development
• leaf primordia
• lectin
• lectin interaction
• Leeuwenhoek Antony van (1632–1723)
• leghemoglobin
• lens placodes
• lens vesicles
• leptotene
• level-interactive modular array
• Levi-Montalcini Rita (1909–)
• levonorgestrel
• levotropic cleavage
• Lewis Edward B. (1918–2004)
• Lewis Warren (1870–1964)
• Leydig cells
• lie
• life expectancy
• ligand
• ligation, tubal
• Lillie F. R. (1870–1947)
• Lim genes
• LIM-homeodomain proteins
• limb buds
• limb field
• limbs
• linea nigra
• lineage
• lineage-based information
• lineage diagram
• lineage labels
• lineage-restricted stem cells
• lineage studies
• lipid
• lipovitellin
• liquor folliculi
• litter
• Littré's glands
• liver bulge
• liver primordium
• liverworts
• lobster-claw deformity
• locule
• locus
• locus control regions (LCRs)
• Loeb Jacques (1859–1924)
• long-day plants
• long-germ development
• Lophotrochozoa
• loss-of-function mutation
• lower vertebrates
• lumbar rib
• lumen
• luminal surface
• lung bud
• lungs
• luteinizing hormone (LH)
• luteotropin
• lymphoid precursor cell
• Lyon hypothesis
• Lysenko Trofim (1898–1976)
• lysins
• lysosomal storage diseases
• lysosomes
• lysozyme
• M
• M checkpoint
• M-phase promoting factor (MPF)
• macrocephaly
• macroevolution
• macrogamete
• macroglossia
• macrolecithal eggs
• macromeres
• macromolecules
• macrophyll
• macrostomia
• macula
• maintenance methylases
• malformations
• Malpighi Marcello (1628–1694)
• Malpighian layer
• Malpighian tubules
• Mammalia
• mammalian embryos
• mammary glands
• mammary ridges
• mandible
• mandibular arches
• Mangold Hilde (1898–1924)
• Mangold Otto (1891–1962)
• mantle layer
• MAP
• MAP kinase
• MAPK
• MAPs
• marginal cells
• marginal layer
• marginal sinus
• marginal zone
• marine invertebrates
• marrow
• marsupial
• marsupium
• Mash-1
• MASH1 gene
• master regulatory genes
• maternal effect genes
• maternal effects stage
• maternal-fetal co-development
• maternal inheritance
• maternal message
• maternal mRNA
• maternal proteins
• mathematical modeling
• matrotrophy
• maturation divisions
• maturation-promoting factor (MPF)
• maxilla
• maxillary processes
• maximum life span
• mazopathy
• mechanoreceptors
• Meckel Johann Friedrich (1781–1833)
• Meckel's cartilage
• Meckel's diverticulum
• meconium
• mediad
• medial palatine process
• medial plane
• mediastinum testis
• mediolateral axis
• medulla
• medullary cord(s)
• medullary folds
• medullary plate
• megagametogenesis
• megagametophyte
• megalecithal eggs
• megalocephaly
• megaphyll
• megasporangium
• megaspore
• megaspore mother cell
• megasporocyte
• megasporogenesis
• megasporophyll
• meiolecithal eggs
• meiosis
• meiosis and the life cycle
• meiotic chromosome terminology
• MEK
• melanin
• melanocyte stem cell
• melanocytes
• melanoma
• -melia
• meltrins
• membrana granulosa
• membranous labyrinth
• memory cells
• menarche
• Mendel Gregor (1822–1884)
• mendelian
• meningocele
• meningocephalocele
• meningomyelocele
• menopause
• menses
• menstrual age
• menstrual cycle
• mericlinal chimeras
• meridional division
• meridional plane
• meristem
• meristic variation
• Merkel cells
• Merkel's tactile disc
• meroanencephaly
• meroblastic
• merogone
• merogony
• meroistic oogenesis
• meroistic ovariole
• meromelia
• MESA
• mesectoderm
• mesencephalon
• mesenchymal cell
• mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
• mesenchyme
• mesenchyme-to-epithelium transitions
• mesendoderm
• mesenteries
• mesenteron rudiments
• mesentoblasts
• mesentoderm
• mesocoel
• mesoderm
• mesoderm induction
• mesodermal mantle
• mesogastrium
• mesoglea
• mesolecithal eggs
• mesomere
• mesomeres
• mesometencephalic fold
• mesonephric ducts
• mesonephric ridge
• mesonephric tubules
• mesonephros
• mesorchium
• mesosalpinx
• mesovarium
• Mesozoic Era
• messenger RNA (mRNA)
• Metabola
• metacentric chromosome
• metacoel
• metadiscoidal placenta
• metafemales
• metagenesis
• metalloproteinases
• metallothioneins
• metamere
• metamerism
• metamorphic climax
• metamorphic molt
• metamorphosis
• metanephric diverticulum
• metanephrogenous mesoderm
• metanephros
• metaphase
• metaphase chromosome spread
• metaphase plate
• metaplasia
• metastasis
• metatela
• Metatheria
• metazoa
• metazoan development
• Metchnikoff Elie (1845–1916)
• metencephalon
• methoprene
• Methuselah gene
• methylation
• methylation erasure
• microarray
• microbial consortia
• microcephaly
• microevolution
• microfilament
• microgamete
• microgametogenesis
• microgametophyte
• microglossia
• microinjection
• microlecithal eggs
• micromeres
• microphyll
• micropyle
• microRNAs (miRNAs)
• microspikes
• microsporangium
• microspore
• microspore mother cell
• microsporocyte
• microsporogenesis
• microsporophyll
• microstomia
• microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration (MESA)
• microtrabecular lattice
• microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs)
• microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs)
• microtubules
• micturition
• midblastua transition (MBT)
• midbrain
• midgut
• midgut loop
• midpiece
• mifepristone
• migration
• Mintz, Beatrice (1921–)
• Minute technique
• MIS
• miscarriage
• MITF
• mitochondria
• mitochondrial cloud
• mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (mtrRNA)
• mitogen
• mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
• mitogenic
• mitosis
• mitosis-promoting factor (MFP)
• mitotic recombination
• mitral valve
• mittelschmerz
• mixed cranial nerves
• mixed nerves
• model organisms
• Modern Synthesis
• modularity
• molar pregnancy
• mold
• molecular clock
• molecular cloning
• molecular parsimony
• molting
• monocarpic plants
• monocots
• monocotyledonous plants
• Monod Jacques Lucien (1910–1976)
• monoecious
• monomer
• monophyletic
• monophyletic group
• monosomy
• monospermy
• monotremes
• monozygotic twins
• monster
• Morgan Thomas Hunt (1866–1945)
• morning sickness
• morph
• morphallactic regeneration
• morphallaxis
• morphogen
• morphogen receptor gradient
• morphogenesis
• morphogenetic constraints
• morphogenetic determinants
• morphogenetic fields
• morphogenetic furrow
• morphogenetic gradient
• morphogenetic law
• morphogenetic movements
• morpholino
• morphology
• morphospecies
• morula
• mosaic
• mosaic behavior
• mosaic determination
• mosaic development
• mosaic pleiotropy
• motifs
• motor cranial nerves
• motor proteins
• movement proteins
• mucopolysaccharides
• mucous gland
• mucus
• Muller Fritz (1822–1897)
• Müller Johannes Peter (1801–1858)
• Müllerian ducts
• Müllerian-inhibiting substance (MIS)
• multicellular
• multicellularity
• multifactorial inheritance
• multigravida
• multinucleated
• multiple allelism
• multiple pregnancy
• multipotent cardiac progenitor cells
• multipotent stem cells
• mural trophoblast
• muscle spindles
• mushroom
• mutagenesis screens
• mutagenized
• mutagens
• mutation
• mutualism
• mutualistic consortia
• mycelium
• mycorrhiza
• mycosporines
• myelencephalon
• myelin
• myelination
• myelocoel
• myeloid precursor cell
• myeloschisis
• myoblasts
• myocardium
• myocoel
• MyoD
• MyoD family
• myoepithelial cells
• myofibrils
• myogenesis
• myogenic bHLH
• myomere
• myoplasm
• myosin
• myotome
• myotubes
• N
• N-acetylglucosaminadase
• N-acetylglucosamine:galactosyltransferase
• N-cadherin
• nanos
• nanos mRNA
• nanos protein
• nares
• nasal passages
• nasal pits
• nasal placodes
• nasal septum
• nasofrontal process
• nasolacrimal groove
• nasolateral processes
• nasomedial processes
• nasopalatine duct
• nasopharynx
• native DNA
• native protein
• natural selection
• nebenkern
• neck of the latebra
• neck neural crest
• necrosis
• Needham Joseph (1900–1995)
• Nematoda
• Nemertea
• neoblasts
• neo-Darwinism
• neoplasia
• neoplasm
• neoteny
• nephrocoel
• nephrogenic cord
• nephrogenic tissue
• nephron
• nephrostomes
• nephrotome
• nephrotomic plate
• nerve
• nerve growth factor (NGF)
• nerve tracts
• netrins
• network
• neural cadherin
• neural canal
• neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM)
• neural crescent
• neural crest
• neural-derived mitotic factors
• neural ectoderm
• neural folds
• neural groove
• neural plate
• neural retina
• neural ridges
• neural tube
• neuralizing activity
• neurenteric canal
• neurites
• neuroblasts
• neurocoel
• neurocranium
• neuroectoderm
• neuroepithelium
• neurogenesis
• neurogenin
• neurohypophysis
• neuromeres
• neurons
• neuropores
• neurotrophins
• neurula
• neurulation
• neurulation, primary
• neurulation, secondary
• NF-kB
• NGF
• niche construction
• Nicolaus Kleinenberg (1842-1897)
• nidation
• Nieuwkoop center
• Nieuwkoop Pieter (1917–1996)
• NIMZ
• nitrogenous waste
• Nkx2-5
• Nobel Prizes
• nocodazole
• nodal gene
• node
• nodes
• noggin
• non-cell autonomous genes
• nondisjunction
• noninvoluting marginal zone (NIMZ) cells
• nonsister chromatids
• nonsurgical sperm aspiration
• norgestrel
• Northern blot
• nostrils
• notochord
• notochordal canal
• novelty
• NSA
• nucellus
• nuclear envelope
• nuclear equivalence
• nuclear membrane
• nuclear pores
• nuclear receptor superfamily
• nuclear RNA (nRNA)
• nuclei
• nucleocytoplasmic ratio (N/P ratio)
• nucleolar organizer
• nucleolus
• nucleoplasm
• nucleosome
• nucleosome positioning
• nucleus
• nucleus of Pander
• nucleus pulposus
• null mutation
• nurse cells
• Nüsslein-Volhard Christiane (1941–)
• nutritional polyphenism
• nymph
• O
• obesigen
• obstetrician
• odontoblasts
• odontogenesis
• olfactory cells
• olfactory epithelium
• olfactory lobes
• olfactory nerves
• olfactory pits
• olfactory placodes
• oligodendrocytes
• oligohydramnios
• oligolecithal
• omental bursa
• omphalocele
• omphalogenesis
• omphalomesenteric arteries
• omphalomesenteric duct
• omphalomesenteric veins
• oncogene
• oncosis
• one gene–one enzyme hypothesis
• one gene–one polypeptide
• one gene–one family of proteins
• ontogenetic hypertrophy
• ontogenetic inconstancy
• ontogeny
• ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
• Onychophora
• oocyte
• oogamy
• oogenesis
• oogonia in adult mammalian ovaries
• oogonium
• oolema
• ooplasm
• ooplast
• ootid
• oozooid
• operculum
• operon
• Operon Theory
• optic bulges (protuberances)
• optic chiasma
• optic cups
• optic lobes
• optic nerves
• optic recess
• optic stalk
• optic tectum
• optic vesicles
• oral-aboral axis
• oral evagination
• oral plate
• oral sucker
• oral surface
• Ordovician
• Organ of Jacobson (Jacobson's organ)
• organelles
• organizer
• organizer graft
• organogenesis
• oropharyngeal membrane
• oropharynx
• orphan embryos
• orthologous regulatory genes
• orthologs
• orthotopic graft
• os
• oskar mRNA
• ossicles
• ossification
• ossification center
• Osteichthyes
• osteoblasts
• osteoclasts
• osteocytes
• osteogenesis
• osteoid matrix
• osteopetrosis
• osteoporosis
• osteoprotegerin
• ostium
• ostracoderms
• otic capsule
• otic placodes
• otic vesicles
• otocyst
• otolith
• outgroup
• ovarian follicle
• ovaries
• ovariole
• ovary
• oviducts
• oviparity
• oviparous
• ovist
• ovothiol
• ovoviviparity
• ovoviviparous
• ovulation
• ovule
• ovum
• oxycephaly
• oxytocin
• P
• p53
• P-cadherin
• P element
• P-granules
• pacemaker
• pachytene
• Paedogenesis
• paedomorphosis
• pair-rule genes
• palate
• palatine shelf
• Paleocene period
• paleogenesis
• paleomorphic
• Paleozoic Era
• palmar erythema
• pampiniform plexus
• pancreas
• pancreatic diverticulum
• Pander Christian (1794–1865)
• Pangenesis
• panoistic ovariole
• Panspermy
• papilla
• parabiosis
• paracrine factors
• paracrine signaling
• paradidymis
• paradigm
• ParaHox genes
• paralogous genes
• paralogous group
• paralogs
• paramesonephric ducts
• paraptosis
• parasegments
• parasitism
• parathyroid glands
• paraxial mesoderm
• paraxial protocadherin
• Paraxis protein
• parazoa
• parenchymal cells
• parietal
• parietal mesoderm
• parietal placentation
• parthenocarpy
• parthenogenesis
• parthenogenesis induction
• parthenomerogony
• partial birth abortions
• partial cleavage
• partial hepatectomy
• parturition
• passive immunity
• Patella
• patent ductus arteriosus
• paternal epigenetic effects
• pathway
• pattern formation (patterning)
• pattern of cleavage
• patterning
• Pax genes
• Pax proteins
• Pax6
• PDA
• PDGF
• pelvic cavity
• pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• pelvic kidney
• pelvis
• penetrance
• penis
• perennial
• perfect flower
• perianth
• periblast
• periblastula
• pericardial cavity
• pericarp
• perichondrium
• periclinal divisions
• pericyte
• periderm
• periosteal bone
• periosteal buds
• periosteum
• peripheral
• peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• peripheral zone
• periplasm
• peristalsis
• peristome
• peritoneal cavity
• peritoneum
• perivisceral cavity
• perivitelline space
• permissive interaction
• peroxidase
• petal
• Pfeffer Wilhelm Friedrich Philipp (1845–1920)
• Pflüger Eduard (1829–1910)
• PGCs
• pH
• phallus
• phanerogam
• pharyngeal arches
• pharyngeal bursa
• pharyngeal pouches
• pharyngobranchial duct
• pharyngula stage
• pharynx
• phenocopy
• phenotype
• phenotypic accommodation
• phenotypic heterogeneity
• phenotypic plasticity
• phenotypic sex
• phenotypic suppression
• philtrum
• phloem
• phocomelia
• -phora
• phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2)
• phosphoinositol pathway
• phospholipase C
• phosvitin
• photolyase
• photomorphogenesis
• photoperiod
• photoperiodism
• photoreceptor cells
• phototropin
• phototropism
• phthalates
• phyletic constraints
• phyletic transformation
• phyllotaxy
• phylogenetic tree
• phylogeny
• phylotypic stage
• phylum
• physical constraints
• physiology
• phytochelatins
• phytochromes
• PiED
• pigment cells
• pigmentation
• pigmented retina
• pineal gland
• pinnae
• pioneer nerve fibers
• pioneer transcription factors
• pistil
• pistillate flowers
• pituitary gland
• placenta
• placenta accreta
• placenta fetalis
• placenta materna
• placenta previa
• placental activities: endocrine secretion
• placental activities: metabolism
• placental activities: transfer
• placental barrier
• placental cadherin
• placental circulation
• placental classification
• placental membrane
• placental septa
• placental stage
• placentation
• Placodermi
• placoderms
• placodes
• plagiocephaly
• planaria
• planes
• plant
• -plasia
• plasma
• plasma cell differentiation
• plasma cells
• plasma membrane
• plasmodesmata
• plasmodium
• plastochron
• platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
• Platyhelminthes
• pleiotropic
• pleiotropy
• plesiomorphic
• pleural cavities
• -ploid
• plumule
• pluripotent
• pluripotent epidermal stem cell
• pluripotent neural stem cell
• pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell
• pluteus larva
• PMZ
• PNS
• poikilothermic
• polar body
• polar coordinate model
• polar granule component (Pgc)
• polar granules
• polar lobe
• polar nuclei
• polar trophoblast
• polarization
• pole cells
• pole plasm
• poles
• pollen
• pollen germination
• pollen grain
• pollen tube
• pollination
• polocyte
• poly-
• polyandry
• polycarpic plants
• polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
• polycomb proteins
• polydactyly
• polyembryony
• polygamous
• polygenic
• polygyny
• polyhydramnios
• polyinvagination islands
• polymastia
• polymer
• polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
• polymorphic
• polymorphism
• polyphenism
• polyphyletic group
• polyploidy
• polyspermy
• polytene chromosomes
• polytrophic ovariole
• pons
• pontine
• pontine flexure
• position
• positional gene cloning
• positional information
• positional value
• postanal gut
• posteriad
• posterior dominance
• posterior fornix
• posterior group Hox genes
• posterior intestinal portal
• posterior marginal zone (PMZ)
• posterior neuropore
• posterior organizing center
• posterior prevalence
• posteriorizing activity
• postpartum
• posttranslational regulation
• postzygotic isolation
• potassium chloride (KCl)
• potency
• prechordal plate
• precipitation
• precocenes
• precocious
• predator-induced defense
• predator-induced polyphenism
• predictive adaptive responses
• preformationism
• pregnancy
• pregnancy reduction
• preimplantation embryo diagnosis (PiED)
• premature
• premature chromosome condensation
• premaxilla
• pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA)
• prenatal
• prenatal diagnosis
• preoral gut
• prepupa
• presentation
• presumptive
• prezygotic isolation
• primary axis
• primary embryonic induction
• primary follicle
• primary hypoblast
• primary inducer
• primary larvae
• primary mesenchyme cells
• primary nephric ducts
• primary neurulation
• primary oocyte
• primary ossification centers
• primary sex determination
• primary tissues
• primary transcript
• primary vesicles
• primigravida
• primitive alveoli
• primitive blood cells
• primitive groove
• primitive gut
• primitive knot
• primitive node
• primitive pit
• primitive ridges
• primitive streak
• primitive streak stage
• primordial follicle
• primordial germ cells (PGCs)
• primordium
• Pringsheim Nathaniel (1823–1894)
• proacrosin
• proamnion
• procambium
• procaryotes
• prochordal plate
• proctodaeum
• proctodeum
• proerythroblast
• progenesis
• progenitor
• progenitor cell
• progeria
• progesterone
• programmed cell death
• progress zone
• progressive determination
• prokaryotes
• prolactin
• proliferation
• proliferin (PLF)
• proliferin-related protein (PRP)
• promeristem
• prometaphase
• promoter
• pronephric ducts
• pronephric swellings
• pronephric tubules
• pronephros
• proneural cluster
• proneural genes
• pronuclei fusion
• pronucleoli
• pronucleus
• pronymph stage
• prophase
• prosencephalon
• prosocoel
• prospective fate
• prospective potency
• prostaglandins
• prostate gland
• protamines
• proteases
• protective cloning
• protein kinase C
• protein–protein domain
• proteins
• proteoglycans
• proteome
• proteomics
• Proterozoic
• prothallial cell
• prothallium
• prothallus
• prothoracic gland
• prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)
• protoblast
• protocadherins
• protocerebrum
• protochordates
• protoderm
• Proto-Hox gene complex
• protonema
• proto-oncogene
• protoplasm
• protostomes
• Protostomia
• Prototheria
• protozoa
• proximal
• pseudocoelom
• pseudocoelomates
• pseudogene
• pseudoglandular period
• pseudohermaphroditism
• pseudoplasmodium
• pseudopregnancy
• Pteridophyta
• pterospermous
• Pterygota
• puberty
• pubescence
• pulmonary circulation
• pulmonary stenosis
• pulmonary trunk
• punctuated equilibrium theory
• pupa
• puparium
• pupation
• Purkinje Jan Evangelista (1787–1869)
• Purkinje fibers
• Purkyne Johannes (1787–1869)
• pyloric stenosis
• Q
• quadruplets
• quantitative trait
• quantitative trait loci (QTL)
• quiescent
• quiescent cell
• quiescent center
• R
• rachischisis
• radial cleavage
• radial patterning
• radial symmetry
• Radiata
• radiation
• radicle
• Ramón y Cajal Santiago (1852–1934)
• Rana
• random epigenetic drift
• random segregation of chromosomes
• Ras
• Rathke Heinrich (1793–1860)
• Rathke's pocket
• Rb
• reaction-diffusion model
• reaction norm
• reactive oxygen species (ROS) theory of aging
• realisator genes
• reawakening of the morphogenetic process
• Recapitulation Theory
• receptacle
• receptor
• receptor gradient
• receptor proteins
• receptor tyrosine kinase
• recessive
• reciprocal embryonic induction
• reciprocity of epigenetic and genetic cancer causation
• recombinant DNA
• recombination
• recombination experiment
• reconstitution
• rectovaginal fistula
• recumbent
• red blood cells
• reductionism
• redundancy
• regeneration
• regeneration blastema
• regenerative medicine
• region-specific selector genes
• regional specificity
• regulation
• regulative development
• regulatory circuit
• regulatory evolution
• regulatory genes
• Reichert's membrane
• relational pleiotropy
• Remak Robert (1815–1865)
• renal agenesis
• renal tubules
• replication
• reporter gene
• reporter protein
• repressor
• reproduction
• reproductive cloning
• reproductive duct
• Reptilia
• resact
• research cloning
• resegmentation
• resorbed
• resorption
• respecification
• respiratory distress of the newborn
• respiratory distress syndrome
• respiratory system
• responder
• restitution nucleus
• restriction of cell potency
• rete cord
• rete ovarii
• rete testis
• reticular lamina
• reticulocyte
• retina
• retinoblastoma
• retinoblastoma protein (Rb)
• retinoic acid
• retinoic acid receptors (RARs)
• retroviral vector
• retrovirus
• reverse transcriptase
• Rh+, Rh−
• Rh incompatibility
• rhizoid
• rhizoidal cell
• rhizome
• RhoB protein
• rhombencephalon
• rhombocoel
• rhombomeres
• ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• ribosomes
• ring canals
• RNA interference (RNAi)
• RNA interference pathway
• RNA polymerase
• RNA processing
• RNA splicing
• robustness
• roof plate
• Rosetta stone
• rostrad
• rostral
• rotation
• rotational cleavage
• Roux Wilhelm (1850–1924)
• royal jelly
• RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase) signal transduction pathway
• RU486 (mifepristone)
• rubella virus
• ruffled membranes
• Runnström John (1888–1971)
• S
• S
• sacculus
• sacral neural crest
• sagittal plane
• salamanders
• salivary glands
• sarcoma
• sarcomeres
• satellite cells
• scaphocephaly
• scarification
• scatter factor
• -schisis
• schizocoely
• Schwann Matthias (1810–1882)
• Schwann cells
• sclera
• sclerotium
• sclerotome
• scoliosis
• scrotum
• Scute
• scutellum
• seasonal polyphenism
• sebaceous glands
• sebum
• second messengers
• second polar body
• secondary axis
• secondary embryonic induction
• secondary fields
• secondary follicle
• secondary hypoblast
• secondary larvae
• secondary mesenchyme cells
• secondary neurulation
• secondary sex determination
• secondary tissues
• secondary vesicles
• seed
• seed coat
• seed dormancy
• seed germination
• Seessel's pocket
• segment-polarity genes
• segmental plate
• segmental zones of mesoderm
• segmentation
• segmentation cavity
• segmentation genes
• segmentation nucleus
• segments
• segregate
• selective affinity
• selector gene
• self-determination
• self-incompatibility
• self-pollination
• semaphorin proteins
• semelparous
• semen
• semicircular canals
• semiconservative replication
• semi-dominant mutation
• seminal plasma
• seminal receptacles
• seminal vesicles
• seminiferous
• seminiferous tubules
• seminism
• semperflorous
• senescence
• sense plate
• sensory cranial nerves
• sepal
• septum
• septum primum
• septum secundum
• septum transversum
• serial homologs
• serial transplantation
• serine/threonine kinases
• sero-amniotic cavity
• sero-amniotic raphe
• serosa
• serotinous
• Sertoli cells
• seven cardinal movements of labor
• sex
• sex cells
• sex chromosomes
• sex cords
• sex determination
• sex glands
• sex hormones
• sex-linked genes
• sex-linked inheritance
• sex-linked mutations
• sexual dimorphism
• sexual polyphenism
• sexual reproduction
• shell
• shell membrane
• shoot
• short-day plants
• short-germ development
• Siamese twins
• signal transduction
• signaling center
• silencers
• simplex uterus
• single nucleotide polymorphism
• sinus rhomboidalis
• sinus terminalis
• sinus venosus
• siRNAs
• sister chromatids
• site-specific mutagenesis
• situs inversus
• situs solitus
• skeletal muscle
• skeletogenic mesenchyme
• Skene's glands
• skin
• skull
• slime molds
• Slit protein
• slug
• slug protein
• Smad signal transduction pathway
• small-interfering RNA (siRNA)
• small nuclear RNAs (snRNA)
• small toolkit
• smooth chorion
• smooth muscle
• soft palate
• somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
• somatic cells
• somatic mesoderm
• somatic mutation
• somatic mutation hypothesis
• somatoplasm
• somatopleure
• somite bulges
• somites
• somitic mesoderm
• somitogenesis
• somitomeres
• sonic hedgehog
• sonogram
• sorocarp
• sorophore
• sorus
• SOX9 gene
• Spallanzani Lazaro (1729–1799)
• speciation
• specific transcription factors
• specification
• specification map
• Spemann Hans (1869–1941)
• Spemann organizer (Spemann–Mangold organizer)
• sperm
• sperm-activating peptides
• sperm bank
• sperm fertility
• sperm survival
• sperm transport
• spermateliosis
• spermatheca
• spermatic cord
• spermatids
• spermatocytes
• spermatogenesis
• spermatogonia
• spermatophore
• Spermatophyta
• spermatophyte
• spermatozoon
• spermicide
• spermiogenesis
• spermist
• Sperry Roger W. (1913–1994)
• spicule
• Spiegelman, Sol
• spina bifida
• spinal canal
• spinal cord
• spinal ganglia
• spinal nerves
• spindle
• spindle fibers
• spinocaudal
• spinous layer
• spiracle
• spiral cleavage
• splanchnic mesoderm
• splanchnopleure
• spliceosome
• splicing isoforms
• spontaneous abortion
• spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)
• sporangiophore
• sporangium
• spore
• spore germination
• spore mother cells
• sporic meiosis
• sporocarp
• sporocytes
• sporophyll
• sporophyte
• sporophyte generation
• Spratt, Nelson T
• SRY gene
• stabilizing selection
• stadia
• stadium
• staging of development
• stalk cells
• stamen
• staminate flowers
• stasis
• statoblasts
• STD
• stem
• stem cell
• stem cell factor (SCF)
• stem cell mediated regeneration
• stem cell niche
• stemness
• stenosis
• stereoblastula
• stereotaxis
• stereotropism
• sterile
• Stevens Nettie M. (1861–1912)
• Steward F. C. (1904–1993)
• stigma
• stomach
• -stomia
• stomodaeal invagination
• stomodaeum
• stomodeum
• stratification
• stratum corneum
• stratum germinativum
• stratum granulosum
• stratum lucidum
• stratum spinosum
• strengths of adhesion
• striated
• strobilus
• stroma
• stromal cells
• structural genes
• structural genomics
• strypsin
• Styela (Cynthia)
• style
• stylopod
• subcaudal pocket
• subcaudal space
• subcephalic pocket
• subcephalic space
• subgerminal space
• suction method
• sulcus limitans
• superficial cleavage
• superior vena cava
• supernumerary breast
• supernumerary chromosome
• supernumerary nipples
• supernumerary sperm
• superovulate
• superovulation
• supine
• supporting cells
• suppressor gene
• surfactant
• surrogate mother
• suspensor
• sutures
• Swammerdam Jan (1637–1680)
• sweat glands
• Sylvian aqueduct
• symbiont
• symbiosis
• symbiotic regulation of development
• symplastic
• synapomorphy
• synapse
• synapsis
• synaptonemal complex
• syncytial
• syncytial blastoderm
• syncytial cable
• syncytial specification
• syncytiotrophoblast
• syntrophoblast
• syncytium
• syndactyly
• syndetome
• syndrome
• synergids
• syngamy
• synteny
• syphilis
• systemic circulation
• systems biology
• T
• T-box factors
• T cells or T lymphocytes
• tadpole
• tail bud
• tail fold
• tapetum
• taste cells
• TATA box
• Tatum Edward Lawrie (1909–1975)
• taxon
• Tbx4
• Tbx5
• tectum
• telencephalon
• teleosts
• teloblasts
• telocoel
• telolecithal eggs
• telomerase
• telomeres
• telophase
• teloplasm
• telson
• temperature
• temperature sensitive mutations
• template
• tepal
• teratocarcinoma
• teratogen
• teratogenesis
• teratology
• teratoma
• terminal cell
• terminal gene group
• terminal sac period
• tertiary follicle
• test cells
• test tube baby
• testes
• testicular dysgenesis syndrome
• testicular feminization
• testicular lobe
• testis-determining factor
• testosterone
• tetrad
• tetraploid number
• tetraploidy
• tetrapod
• TGF-α
• TGF-β
• TGF-β receptor
• thalidomide
• thallophytes
• thallus
• theca externa
• theca folliculi
• theca granulosa
• theca interna
• thecal cells
• thecodonts
• Theory of Epigenesis
• therapeutic cloning
• therapsids
• Theria
• third ventricle
• Thompson D'Arcy W. (1860–1948)
• threshold concentration
• threshold concept
• threshold effect
• thrifty phenotype hypothesis
• thymopharyngeal duct
• thymus gland
• thyroglossal duct
• thyroid gland
• thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)
• thyropharyngeal duct
• thyroxine
• tight junctions
• Tinman
• tip cells
• tissue engineering
• tissue organization field (TOC) hypothesis
• toad
• Toll
• tonsils
• tool kit (of developmental biology)
• tooth germ
• tornaria
• torpedo stage embryo
• torsion
• torso
• torus transversus
• totipotent
• toxicogenomics
• toxoplasmosis
• trabeculae carneae
• trace fossils
• trachea
• tracheal system
• tracheophytes
• trans-acting
• trans-activating domain
• transcription
• transcription factor
• transcription factor domains
• transcription initiation complex
• transcriptional regulation
• transcriptome
• transcriptomics
• transdifferentiation
• transfection
• transfer RNA (tRNA)
• transferrin
• transforming growth factor α (TGF-α)
• transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)
• transgene
• transgenerational continuity
• transgenic organism
• translation
• translational regulation
• translocated chemical messengers
• transmission genetics
• transplant
• transplantation
• transplantation experiment
• transposable element
• trans-regulation
• trans-regulatory factor
• transverse plane
• trefoil stage
• trehalose
• Trembley Abraham (1710–1784)
• trichoblasts
• trichomes
• tricuspid valve
• triiodothyronine
• trimester
• triplets
• triploblasts
• triploid number
• triploidy
• trisomy
• trisomy 21
• tritocerebrum
• trizygotic
• Trochaea Theory
• trochophore
• trophectoderm
• trophoblast
• trophocytes
• trophoderm
• truncoventricular region
• truncus arteriosus
• trunk neural crest
• tubal ligation
• tubal pregnancy
• tube cell
• tubercles
• tuberculum posterius
• tubuli recti
• tubulin
• tumor angiogenesis factors
• tumor-suppressor genes
• tunica
• tunica albuginea
• tunicates
• Turing Alan Mathison (1912–1954)
• Turing model
• Turner's syndrome
• twins
• tympanic cavities
• tyrosine kinases
• U
• ultimobranchial bodies
• ultrasonography
• ultrasound
• umbilical arteries
• umbilical cord
• umbilical duct
• umbilical hernia
• umbilical ring
• umbilical vein
• umbilicus
• unicellular
• unipotent stem cells
• unity of type
• unsegmented mesoderm
• up-mutation
• upregulation
• upstream
• urachus
• Urbilateria
• ureotelic organisms
• ureter
• ureteric buds
• urethra
• urinary bladder
• urine
• uriniferous tubules
• urochordates
• Urodela
• urogenital ducts
• urogenital membrane
• urogenital ridge
• urogenital sinus
• urorectal septum
• urostyle
• uteric bud
• uterine cavity
• uterine cycle
• uterine horn
• uterine tube
• uterus
• utriculus
• uvula
• V
• vagal neural crest
• vagina
• valproic acid (VA)
• varicose veins
• vas deferens
• vasa efferentia
• vascular cambium
• vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
• vascular spiders
• vasculogenesis
• vasectomy
• vasovasostomy
• vault
• vector
• vegetal determinant
• vegetal gradient
• vegetal hemisphere
• vegetal plate
• vegetal pole
• vegetalization
• vegetalized
• vegetalizing factors
• vegetative
• vegetative propagation
• veins
• vellus
• venae cavae
• venter
• ventrad
• ventral
• ventral furrow
• ventral mesocardium
• ventricles
• ventricular layer
• ventricular septal defect
• Veratrum californicum
• vernal
• vernalization
• vernation
• vernix caseosa
• vertebrae
• vertebral column
• vertebrate body plan
• vertebrate characteristics
• vertebrates
• vertical division
• vertical transmission
• vesicle
• vestibular glands
• vestibule
• vestigial
• Vg1
• Vg1 mRNA
• Vg1 protein
• viability
• vis essentialis
• viscera
• visceral
• visceral arches
• visceral furrows
• visceral grooves
• visceral mesoderm
• viscerocranium
• vital stains/dyes
• vitalism
• vitamin A (retinol)
• vitamin B12
• vitellarium
• vitelline duct
• vitelline envelope
• vitelline membrane
• vitelline vascular plexus
• vitelline veins
• vitellogenesis
• vitellogenin
• viviparity
• viviparous
• viviparous mutants
• Vogt Walter (1888–1941)
• Volvox
• vulva
• W
• Waddington Conrad Hal (1905–1975)
• Warynski Stanislas (1858–1888)
• Weismann August (1834–1914)
• Weismann barrier
• Went Fritz (1903–1990)
• Wharton's jelly
• white matter
• Whitman C. O. (1842–1910)
• wholist organicism
• Wieschaus Eric F. (1947–)
• Wiesel, Torsten (1924–)
• Wilson Edmund Beecher (1856–1939)
• Wilson H. V. (1863–1939)
• Wilson's principles of teratology
• Winged helix proteins
• wingless
• winter bud
• Wnt
• Wnt receptors
• Wnt signal transduction pathway
• Wolbachia
• Wolff Friedrich Kaspar (1733–1794)
• Wolffian ducts
• womb
• wound epidermis
• X
• X chromosome
• X chromosome inactivation
• X-linked genes
• xenoestrogens
• xenogamy
• Xenopus
• Xist gene
• Xwnt8
• xylem
• Y
• Y chromosome
• yellow crescent
• yolk
• yolk cell
• yolk cells
• yolk duct
• yolk nuclei
• yolk nucleus
• yolk platelet
• yolk plug
• yolk plug stage
• yolk sac
• yolk stalk
• yolk syncytial layer (YSL)
• Z
• zeugopod
• zinc finger
• zinc finger family
• zinc finger proteins
• zona-binding proteins
• zona pellucida
• zona proteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3)
• zona radiata
• zona reaction
• zone of differentiation
• zone of elongation
• zone of junction
• zone of overgrowth
• zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)
• zoophilous
• zootype
• ZP
• ZPA
• zygote
• zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
• zygotene
• zygotic genes
• zygotic meiosis
• Color Insert