The SAGE Encyclopedia of Stem Cell Research, Second Edition is filled with new procedures and exciting medical breakthroughs, including executive orders from the Obama administration reversing barriers to research imposed under the Bush administration, court rulings impacting NIH funding of research based on human embryonic stem cells, edicts by the Papacy and other religious leaders, and the first success in cloning human stem cells. This second edition reference work will serve as a universal resource for all public and academic libraries. It is an excellent foundation for anyone who is interested in the subject area of stem cell biology.

Table of Contents

• Reader's Guide
• About the Editors
• List of Contributors
• Introduction
• Chronology
• A
• Aastrom Biosciences, Inc.
• Adipose: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
• Adipose: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Adipose: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Adipose: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Adipose: Major Pathologies
• Adipose: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Adipose: Tissue Function
• Adult Stem Cells: Overview
• Advanced Cell Technology
• Advocacy
• Alabama
• Alaska
• Albert Einstein College of Medicine
• Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo
• Alzheimer's Disease
• American Association for the Advancement of Science
• Amniotic Fluid Cells
• Animal Cloning
• Anversa, Piero
• Arizona
• Arkansas
• Athersys
• Australia
• Autism
• Autonomous University of Barcelona
• Autonomous University of Madrid
• B
• Baylor University
• Beike Biotechnology
• Belgium
• Bioreactors
• Bladder: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
• Bladder: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Bladder: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Bladder: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Bladder: Major Pathologies
• Bladder: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Blood Adult Stem Cell: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Blood Adult Stem Cell: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Blood Adult Stem Cell: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Blood Adult Stem Cell: Major Pathologies
• Blood Adult Stem Cell: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Bone: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
• Bone: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Bone: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Bone: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Bone: Major Pathologies
• Bone: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Bone Marrow Transplants
• Boston Children's Hospital
• Brain Cancer
• Brazil
• Breast: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
• Breast: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Breast: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Breast: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Breast: Major Pathologies
• Breast: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Breast Cancer
• Buddhism
• C
• C. elegans Models to Study Stem Cells
• California
• California Institute for Regenerative Medicine
• California Stem Cell, Inc.
• Canada: Stem Cell Network
• Cancer Stem Cells: Overview
• Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
• Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Major Pathologies
• Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Case Western Reserve University/Cleveland Clinic
• Catholicism
• Cellerant Therapeutics
• Charo, Alta
• Chimera Formation, Ethics of
• China
• Christianity
• Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation, The
• Clinical Trials, Ethics of
• Clinical Trials (Adult Cells), Ethics of
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: AIDS-Related Conditions
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: Batten Disease
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: Blood Deficiencies
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: Crohn's Disease
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: Diabetes
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: Eye Conditions
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: Graft Failure, Graft-Versus-Host Disease
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: Heart Disease
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: Hematological Cancers
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: Immunologic/Histiocytic Disorders
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: Kidney Disease
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: Multiple Sclerosis
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: Parkinson's Disease
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: Peripheral Vascular Disease
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: Skin Transplants
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: Solid Tumors
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: Spinal Cord Injury
• Clinical Trials, U.S.: Stroke
• Clinical Trials, U.S: Traumatic Brain Injury
• Clinical Trials Outside the United States
• Clinical Trials Outside the United States: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Clinical Trials Outside the United States: Cerebral Palsy
• Clinical Trials Outside the United States: Spinal Cord Injury
• Clinical Trials Outside the United States: Stroke
• Cloning, Ethics of
• Colon Cancer
• Colorado
• Columbia University
• Congress: Votes and Amendments
• Connecticut
• Cord Blood Banking
• Cord Blood Stem Cells
• Coriell Institute for Medical Research
• Cosmetic Surgery
• Cryo-Cell International
• Cryo-Save
• Cytori Therapeutics, Inc.
• D
• Danish Stem Cell Center
• Delaware
• Denmark
• Dental: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Dental: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Dental: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Dental: Major Pathologies
• Dental: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Direct Reprogramming of Adult Cells Into Other Cell Types
• Do No Harm: The Coalition of Americans for Research Ethics
• Drosophila Models to Study Stem Cells
• Drug Testing and Drug Development in Cell Culture
• Duke University
• E
• Egg Donation, Ethics of
• Embryonic Stem Cells, Methods to Produce
• Endothelial Blood Vessels
• Endothelial Cell Isolation
• ES Cell International
• ESC and iPSC Banking
• EuroStemCell
• Eyes: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
• Eyes: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Eyes: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Eyes: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Eyes: Major Pathologies
• Eyes: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Eyes: Tissue Function
• F
• Fate Therapeutics
• Fertility Treatment Creation of Germ Cells From Adult Cells
• Fetal Stem Cells
• Florida
• Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting
• Food From Stem Cells
• France
• Frenette, Paul
• Fuchs, Elaine
• G
• Gene Patents
• Gene Therapy: Hemoglobinopathies
• Genetics Policy Institute
• Genome Sequencing
• Genome Sequencing, Ethics of
• Georgia
• Germ Cell Modifications (Gene Therapy), Ethics of
• Germany
• Geron Corporation
• Goldman, Steven A.
• Gonads, Female: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
• Gonads, Female: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Gonads, Female: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Gonads, Female: Major Pathologies
• Gonads, Female: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Gonads, Male: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
• Gonads, Male: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Gonads, Male: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Gonads, Male: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Gonads, Male: Major Pathologies
• Gonads, Male: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Graft Failure: Graft-Versus-Host Disease
• Gut: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Gut: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Gut: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Gut: Major Pathologies
• Gut: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• H
• Harvard University
• Hawai‘i
• Head and Neck Cancer
• Hearing Disease
• Heart: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
• Heart: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Heart: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Heart: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Heart: Major Pathologies
• Heart: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Heart: Tissue Function
• Heart Disease
• Hebrew University of Jerusalem
• Hematopoietic Transplantation: Cancer
• Hematopoietic Transplantation: Gene Therapy
• Hochedlinger, Konrad
• Howard Hughes Medical Institute
• Human ES Cell Isolation
• I
• Idaho
• Illinois
• Immune Disorders
• In Utero Treatment
• In Vitro Fertilization
• In Vitro Production of Germ Cells, Ethics of
• In Vitro Stem Cell Study Assays
• In Vivo Stem Cell Study Assays
• India
• Indiana
• Indiana University
• International Society for Stem Cell Research
• International Society for Stem Cell Research Guidelines
• International Stem Cell Corporation
• International Stem Cell Forum
• Iowa
• iPS, Methods to Produce
• iPS Tissue Sources
• iPSC From Animal Cells
• Iran
• Italy
• J
• Japan
• Japan Human Cell Society
• Johns Hopkins University
• Judaism
• K
• Kansas
• Karolinska Institute
• Kentucky
• Kidney: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
• Kidney: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Kidney: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Kidney: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Kidney: Major Pathologies
• Kidney: Stem and Progenitor Cell in Adults
• Kidney Disease
• Korea
• Kyoto University
• L
• Langer, Robert
• Lasker Foundation
• Lentigen Corporation
• Leukemia and Lymphoma Cancer Stem Cells
• Lineage Tracing
• Liver: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
• Liver: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Liver: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Liver: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Liver: Major Pathologies
• Liver: Stem and Adult Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Liver: Tissue Function
• Liver Cancer
• Losordo, Douglas
• Louisiana
• Lung: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
• Lung: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Lung: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Lung: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Lung: Major Pathologies
• Lung: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Lung: Tissue Function
• Lung Cancer
• Lung Disease
• M
• Maine
• Martino, Gianvito
• Maryland
• Massachusetts
• Massachusetts General Hospital
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Max Planck Society
• Mayo Clinic
• McCulloch, Ernest
• McMaster University
• Medical Research Council (UK)
• Melanoma: Stem Cells
• Mesenchymal: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
• Mesenchymal: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Mesenchymal: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Mesenchymal: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Mesenchymal: Major Pathologies
• Mesenchymal: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells
• Michael J. Fox Foundation
• Michigan
• Minnesota
• Mississippi
• Missouri
• Montana
• Moral Status of Embryos
• Mount Sinai School of Medicine
• Mouse ES Cell Isolation
• Mouse Models to Study Stem Cells
• MRI Tracking
• Muscle: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
• Muscle: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Muscle: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Muscle: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Muscle: Major Pathologies
• Muscle: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Muslim
• N
• National Academy of Sciences
• National Institutes of Health
• National Right to Life Committee
• National Science Foundation
• National Stem Cell Bank
• Nebraska
• NeoStem, Inc.
• Netherlands
• Neural: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
• Neural: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Neural: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Neural: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Neural: Major Pathologies
• Neural: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Neuralstem, Inc.
• Nevada
• New Biotech: Overview
• New Hampshire
• New Jersey
• New Mexico
• New York
• New York Stem Cell Foundation
• Non-Human Primate Embryonic Stem Cells
• North Carolina
• North Dakota
• Northwestern University
• Norway
• Nuclear Transfer, Altered
• Nuclear Transfer, Somatic Cell
• O
• Ohio
• Oklahoma
• Oregon
• Oregon Health & Science University
• Orkin, Stuart
• Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
• P
• Pancreas: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
• Pancreas: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Pancreas: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Pancreas: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Pancreas: Major Pathologies
• Pancreas: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Pancreas: Tissue Function
• Pancreatic Cancer
• Pancreatic Islet Transplant
• Parcell Laboratories
• Parkinson's Disease
• Parkinson's Disease Foundation
• Parthenogenesis
• Pasteur Institute
• Pathfinder Cell Therapy
• Peking University
• Pennsylvania
• Pera, Martin
• Pluripotency Network
• Pluripotent Stem Cell Patents
• Pluripotent Stem Cells, Embryonic
• Pluripotent Stem Cells, Epi
• Pluripotent Stem Cells, Germ
• Pluripotent Stem Cells, Teratoma
• Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
• President's Council on Bioethics
• Princeton University
• Profiling Study Methods
• R
• Radiation Injury Treatment
• Rafii, Shahin
• Rao, Mahendra
• Rat Models to Study Stem Cells
• Reeve-Irvine Research Center
• Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning
• Retinal Stem Cells
• Reynolds, Brent A., and Samuel Weiss
• Rhode Island
• Robarts Research Institute
• Rockefeller University
• Rutgers University
• S
• Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute
• Saudi Arabia
• Scadden, David
• Schizophrenia
• Scripps Research Institute
• Scotland: Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine
• Self-Renewal and Differentiation
• Singapore
• Skin: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
• Skin: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Skin: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Skin: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Skin: Major Pathologies
• Skin: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Skin: Tissue Function
• Skin Cancer
• Skin Graft
• Sloan Kettering Institute
• Snyder, Evan
• South Carolina
• South Dakota
• Spain
• Special Interest/Lobby Groups
• Spinal Cord Injury
• Stanford University
• Steindler, Dennis
• Stem Cell Aging
• Stem Cell Banking
• Stem Cell Companies: Overview
• Stem Cell Differentiation/Self-Organization
• Stem Cell DNA Repair
• Stem Cell Epigenetic: Chromatin Modification
• Stem Cell Epigenetic: DNA Methylation
• Stem Cell Epigenetic: DNA Replication
• Stem Cell Expression Profiling
• Stem Cell Genetic Modification Study Method
• Stem Cell Genome Anatomy Projects
• Stem Cell Ground State
• Stem Cell Histocompatibility
• Stem Cell Markers
• Stem Cell Network North Rhine Westphalia
• Stem Cell Niche
• Stem Cell Plasticity
• Stem Cell Potency
• Stem Cell Purification
• Stem Cells: Bush Ruling
• Stemagen
• Stematix
• Stowers Institute for Medical Research
• Studer, Lorenz
• Sweat Gland: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
• Sweat Gland: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
• Sweat Gland: Development and Regeneration Potential
• Sweat Gland: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
• Sweat Gland: Major Pathologies
• Sweat Gland: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
• Sweden
• Swiss Stem Cells Network
• Switzerland
• T
• Taiwan
• Tennessee
• Texas
• Thomson, James
• TiGenix/Cellerix
• Till, James
• Tissue Culture Study Methods
• Tissue Engineering (Scaffold)
• Tissue Printing
• Tissue Regeneration: Animals and Plants
• Tissue Regeneration: Humans
• Transfusion Product: NK Cells
• Transfusion Product: Platelets
• Transfusion Product: Red Blood Cells
• Transit Amplifying Cells
• U
• UK National Stem Cell Network
• Unapproved Therapy, Ethics of
• United Kingdom
• United States
• University of Bonn
• University of British Columbia
• University of California, Berkeley
• University of California, Davis
• University of California, Los Angeles
• University of California, San Diego
• University of California, San Francisco
• University of Cambridge
• University of Connecticut
• University of Heidelberg
• University of Melbourne
• University of Miami
• University of Michigan
• University of Milan
• University of Minnesota
• University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
• University of Oxford
• University of Pittsburgh
• University of Southern California
• University of Strasbourg
• University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
• University of Tokyo
• University of Toronto
• University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
• University of Wisconsin–Madison
• University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris
• Utah
• V
• van der Kooy, Derek
• Vanderbilt University
• Vascular Stem Cell
• Vermont
• Vescovi, Angelo
• ViaCyte, Inc.
• Viral Vectors: Adenovirus
• Viral Vectors: lentivirus
• Virginia
• W
• Wake Forest University
• Washington
• Weill Cornell Medical College
• Weissman, Irving
• Weizmann Institute of Science
• West Virginia
• Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
• WiCell
• Wisconsin
• Wound Repair
• Wyoming
• X
• Xenopus Models to Study Stem Cells
• Xenotransplantation
• Y
• Yale University
• Yamanaka, Shinya
• Z
• Zebrafish Models to Study Stem Cells
• Glossary
• Resource Guide
• Appendix A. Executive Order 13435: Expanding Approved Stem Cell Lines in Ethically Responsible Ways
• Appendix B. Executive Order 13505: Removing Barriers to Responsible Scientific Research Involving Human Stem Cells
• Appendix C. S. HRG. 111-942: The Promise of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session